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PRACTICAL   DATA 

FOR  THE 

CYANIDE   PLANT 


Published   by  the 

McGrow  -  Hill   Book.  Company 

Ne^vYork 

<Succe*sorv9  to  the  E>ook.Departrnervts  of  tKe 

McGraw  Publishing  Company  Hill  Publishing  Company 

Publishers  of  Books  for 

Electrical  World  The  Engineering  and  Mining  Journal 

TKe  Engineering  Record  rower  and  The  Engineer 

Electric  Railway  Journal  American   Machinist 


PRACTICAL  DATA 

FOR   THE 

CYANIDE   PLANT 


BY 

HERBERT   A.  MEGRAW 

B.S.,  A.I.M.E. 

Mining  and  Metallurgical  Engineer 


McGRAW-HILL   BOOK   COMPANY 
239  WEST  39TH   STREET,    NEW  YORK 

6   BOUVERIE   STREET,   LONDON,   E.G. 

1910 


Copyright,  1910,  by  the  McGRAw-HiLL  BOOK  COMPANY 


The  Plimpton  Press  Norwood  Mass.  U.S.A. 


INTRODUCTION 

THE  inspiration  for  the  publication  of  this  volume  was  in  the 
realization  that,  while  theory  and  practice  of  the  cyanide  process 
has  been  ably  explained  in  the  standard  works  on  the  subject,  no 
attempt  has  yet  been  made  to  collect  the  practical  data,  formulae, 
tables,  usual  methods  etc.,  in  one  small  and  convenient  volume 
which  might  be  carried  about  by  the  "Man  on  Shift." 

The  work  is  frankly  a  compilation,  with  some  few  diversions  from 
standard  practice  which  long  experience  has  shown  to  be  advisable. 
It  is  intended  to  assist  the  shift  man  in  understanding  the  basic 
reasons  for  the  operations  he  performs  every  day,  and  to  give  him 
convenient  access  to  the  data  he  may  have  to  use  from  time  to  time. 
The  experienced  worker  also,  it  is  hoped,  will  find  the  work  a  con- 
venience to  him  on  his  travels,  containing,  as  it  does,  matter  which 
could  only  be  had  from  a  number  of  standard  books  on  the  subject 
aside  from  his  personal  notes. 

The  author  fully  realizes  the  deficiencies  of  the  work  and  request* 
communications  from  those  who  feel  inclined  to  suggest  the  advisa- 
bility of  additions  or  improvements. 

The  author  sincerely  hopes  that  the  volume  may  be  an  aid  and  a 
convenience  to  the  "Man  on  Shift,"  to  whose  especial  use  he  has 
dedicated  his  work. 

H.  A.  MEGRAW. 

SAN  Luis  DE  LA  PAZ,  GTO.,  MEXICO. 
July,  IQIO. 


91 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

CRUSHING  AND  GRINDING     .     .     .     .     .     ,     ...     .     .       i 
THE  CYANIDE  PLANT       .     .     .     .     .     .     *     *  v.  .     .     '.     .     10 

SLIMES .     13 

PRECIPITATION 24 

Solutions 

Stoichiometry 

Preliminary  Experiments  on  Ores 

Trouble 

Data 

FORMULAS  IN  MENSURATION 43 

TABLES  OF  GENERAL  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES       ....     49 
GENERAL  REFERENCE  TABLES  .     .     .     . 51 

Squares 

Roots 

Logarithms,  etc. 


TY 
PRACTICAL  DATA   FOR   THE 


GENERAL 

CYANIDING  is  the  term  generally  applied  to  the  art  of  extracting 
metals  from  their  ores  by  the  chemical  process,  depending  upon  the 
chemical  solubility  of  the  metals  in  solutions  of  the  alkaline  cyanides. 
The  cyanides  generally  used  are  those  of  sodium  or  potassium. 
Cyaniding,  in  the  general  use  of  the  term,  includes  the  processes  of 
solution  of  the  metal,  its  recovery  from  the  solution  and  its  conse- 
quent transformation  into  a  form  of  bullion  readily  marketable.  In 
dealing  with  the  subject,  then,  we  are  to  include  the  methods  of  dis- 
solving the  metal,  separating  the  pregnant  solution  from  the  residue 
of  ore,  precipitation  of  the  metals  from  the  solution,  preparation  of 
the  remaining  solution  for  re-use,  and  the  refining  of  the  precipitate. 

As  it  is  necessary  for  an  ore  to  be  treated  in  some  way  to  prepare 
it  for  the  dissolving  process,  it  might  be  well  to  consider  what  methods 
are  followed  to  put  the  ore  into  the  most  suitable  form  for  readily 
giving  up  its  values  to  the  dissolving  solution. 

CRUSHING  AND   GRINDING 

As  the  object  of  cyaniding  is  to  dissolve,  as  far  as  possible,  all  the 
precious  metals  in  combination  or  free  in  the  ore,  naturally  the  first 
step  in  preparation  is  to  break  the  ore  into  such  small  particles  that 
the  dissolving  solution  will  be  able  to  reach  and  act  upon  every  par- 
ticle of  the  metal.  These  processes  of  breaking  are  usually  included 
in  the  terms  crushing  and  grinding.  It  is  practised  to  a  more  or 
less  degree  with  all  kinds  of  ore,  the  exact  point  where  it  may  be 
left  off  depending  upon  the  physical  and  chemical  characteristics 
of  each  ore  to  be  treated.  It  will  be  readily  seen  that  a  very  open 
or  porous  rock  will  permit  solutions  to  penetrate  each  atom  of  rock 
with  less  preliminary  breaking  than  an  ore  which  is  hard  and  solid. 
Instances  are  on  record  where  a  low-grade  ore  has  been  treated  in 
percolation  tanks  after  having  been  broken  only  by  means  of  a  finely 
set  rock  crusher  to  cubes  of  \  to  £  inch  in  size.  The  majority  of  the 
ores  of  the  precious  metals  are,  however,  hard  and  impenetrable, 
so  that  the  best  results  are  obtained  by  very  fine  subdivision.  Grind- 
ing and  crushing  are  accomplished  by  so  many  mechanical  devices 
that  it  would  be  impossible  to  enumerate  them,  and  the  following 
are  mentioned  as  the  most  usual  methods  of  practice: 

Rock  crushers  are  almost  universally  used  for  preliminary  break- 
ing. These  are,  the  Blake  type,  which  accomplishes  breaking  by 
means  of  a  moving  jaw,  swung  at  the  top  and  operated  by  toggles. 
This  gives  a  product  of  varied  size,  due.  to  the  fact  that  the  size  of 
the  discharge  opening  is  constantly  changing.  The  Dodge  type, 
similar  to  the  Blake,  except  that  the  jaw  is  swung  from  the  bottom, 
maintaining  a  practically  constant  discharge  opening  and  therefore 


CYANIDE    DATA 


FIG.  i.  — Blake  Rock  Crusher 


FIG.  2,  —  Roll  Jaw  Crusher 


CRUSHING    AND    GRINDING  3 

discharging  a  more  uniform  product.  Its  capacity  is  less  than  the 
Blake  for  that  same  reason.  The  Roll  Jaw  type,  in  which  the  mov- 
able jaw  is  convex  and  rolls  through  a  small  arc,  similar  in  effect  to 
the  passing  of  a  heavy  wheel  over  the  rock  to  be  crushed.  This 
motion  gives  a  constant  product  with  good  clearing  function  and  large 
capacity.  The  Gyratory  type,  which  grinds  by  means  of  a  verti- 
cally placed,  grooved  crushing  unit  revolving  in  a  horizontal  plane 
and  crushing  rock  by  compression  against  the  stationary  walls  en- 
closing the  revolving  unit. 

Machines  of  this  class  are  followed  by  secondary  crushing  machines 
of  which  by  far  the  most  popular  is  the  gravity  stamp.  This  machine 
consists  of  a  vertically  placed  stem  carrying  at  its  lower  end  a  boss 
head  into  which  the  stem  is  fitted,  a  shoe  of  cast  iron  or  steel  being 
in  turn  fitted  into  the  boss  head.  This  shoe  takes  the  wear  of  crush- 
ing the  ore  and  may  be  renewed  when  worn  out.  The  stamp  is 
raised  and  dropped  by  means  of  a  double  cam  fixed  to  a  horizontal 
revolving  shaft.  These  cams  engage  a  tappet  which  is  keyed  to  the 
stamp  stem.  The  stem  itself  works  in  guides  which  keep  it  in  place. 
Usually  five  of  these  stems  are  grouped  together  and  allowed  to  fall 
with  their  shoe  ends  enclosed  in  a  box  or  mortar  of  cast  iron.  This 
mortar  also  contains  the  dies  upon  which  the  ore  is  fed  and  where 
it  is  broken  by  means  of  the  impact  of  the  falling  stem  with  its  weight 
of  shoe,  boss  head,  tappet,  and  the  stem  itself.  Stamps  in  use  now 
usually  weigh  from  750  to  1200  Ibs.,  although  in  some  camps  it  is 
the  tendency  to  increase  the  weight  up  to  as  much  as  1400  Ibs.  for 
each  stamp.  The  stamp  is  one  of  the  original  machines  designed  for 
the  crushing  of  ores  and  its  form  has  changed  little  from  the  original 
design.  It  is  generally  admitted  to  be  an  inefficient  and  expensive 
machine,  but  engineers  have  not  yet  been  able  to  agree  on  anything 
which  promises  better  results. 

Other  machines  which  have  been  more  or  less  used  for  the  same 
purpose  are  the  Chilian  mill,  in  various  forms,  which  is  a  roller,  or 
series  of  rollers,  moving  on  a  circular  track  and  crushing  ore  by 
means  of  the  weight  of  the  rollers  themselves.  The  Huntington 
mill,  which  is  a  series  of  rollers  revolving  Jiorizontally  against  a  ver- 
tical track  or  die,  and  crushing  by  virtue  of  the  centrifugal  force  gen- 
erated by  means  of  the  speed  of  revolution,  in  addition  to  the  weight 
of  the  crushing  members.  The  Bryan  mill  is  a  modified  chilian  mill 
and  is  used  in  many  places  as  a  primary  grinder.  The  machine 
which  seems  to  promise  most  beneficial  results  in  the  contest  against 
stamps  is  the  chilian  mill  in  some  form.  Most  of  the  modern  forms 
of  this  mill  are  high-speed  machines,  however,  and  these  are  expen- 
sive in  repairs  and  not  particularly  efficient.  The  slow-speed  mill, 
on  the  contrary,  has  many  advantages  which  make  it  a  particularly 
efficient  and  economical  machine. 

In  reducing  ore  still  further,  fine  grinding,  or  sliming,  is  becoming 
more  and  more  the  most  modern  form  of  practice.  With  the  ad- 
vent of  methods  which  make  it  possible  and  even  simple  to  treat 
very  finely  ground  ore,  or  slime,  it  is  becoming  an  axiom  that,  "the 
finer  the  grinding,  the  better  the  result."  For  fine  grinding  there 
seems  to  be  an  universal  concurrence  of  opinion  in  favor  of  the  tube 


CYANIDE    DATA 


FIGS.  3  AND  4.  —  Styles  of  Gyratory  Crusher 


CRUSHING    AND    GRINDING  5 

mill.  This  machine  is  a  tube  or  pipe  of  plate  steel  revolving  on 
trunnions  or  rollers,  driven  by  a  proper  driving  mechanism  at  a 
rate  of  speed  depending  on  conditions.  This  tube  is  partly  filled 
with  hard  pebbles  or  coarse  hard  ore,  the  grinding  being  performed 


FIG.  5.  —  Usual  Stamp  Construction  with  Suspended 
Automatic  Feeder 


by  the  action  of  the  pebbles  against  each  other,  which  reduces  the 
pulp  fed  into  the  mill,  through  a  hollow  bearing,  in  a  very  satisfac- 
tory manner.  It  is  a  prime  requisite  to  keep  the  wear  on  the  walls 
of  the  machine  to  as  low  a  point  as  possible,  and  with  this  object 
in  view  to  find  a  lining  medium  which  will  represent  as  little  expense 


CYANIDE    DATA 


FIG.  6.  —  "  Lane"  Slow- Speed  Chilian  Mill 


FIG.  7.  —  High-Speed  Chilian  Mill 


CRUSHING    AND    GRINDING 


FIGS.  8  AND  9.  —  Perspective  and  Sectional  View  of 
Huntington  Mill 


8  CYANIDE    DATA 

in  the  form  of  wear  as  possible.     Many  lining  mediums  have  been 
devised,  the  most  satisfactory  of  which  at  present  are  the  silex  lining 


FIG.  10.  —  View  of  Center  Discharge  Tube  Mill 

and  the  El  Oro  lining.     The  latter  is  a  lining  of  cast  iron  in  the  form 
of    grooves   longitudinally   placed,  into  which   the  pebbles  or  other 


FIG.  12. —  Interior  View  of  Tube 
Mill  with  "El  Oro"  Lining 

grinding  medium  become  firmly  lodged,  forming  a  lining  themselves. 
This  lining  replaces  itself  automatically  whenever  one  of  the  pebbles 


CRUSHING    AND    GRINDING 


10  CYANIDE    DATA 

or  stones  becomes  so  small  that  it  cannot  hold  its  place  in  the  lining, 
another  and  larger  stone  soon  becoming  lodged  in  the  vacant  space. 
The  ore  being  sufficiently  subdivided,  it  is  then  either  sent  directly 
to  the  cyanide  treatment  plant,  or  it  is  first  concentrated  and  then 
subjected  to  the  cyanide  treatment.  Concentration  is  the  removal 
from  the  ore  of  that  portion  which  is  the  heaviest.  This  process 
depends  upon  the  settling  properties  of  the  different  portions  of  the 
ore  through  a  sheet  of  water.  The  particles  having  the  highest 
specific  gravity  settle  first,  the  remainder  following  in  the  order  of 
the  specific  gravity  of  the  different  particles.  As  that  portion  of  the 
ore  which  contains  the  most  metal  has  the  highest  specific  gravity, 
it  follows  that  those  particles  which  settle  first  are  the  richest.  This 
portion  is  removed  from  the  run  of  the  mill  and  treated  separately. 
It  may  be  either  sold  to  the  smelting  firms  or  treated  by  a  separate  and 
distinct  process  at  the  mill,  the  course  to  be  followed  depending 
largely  upon  the  geographical  location  of  the  mine. 

THE   CYANIDE  PLANT 

TAKING  the  ore  from  the  concentrators  or  from  the  grinding  plant, 
the  cyaniding  department  is  then  entrusted  with  the  duty  of  extract- 
ing all  values  economically  possible  from  the  ore.  The  exact  method 
of  accomplishing  this  end  differs  widely  in  different  plants.  As  the 
cyanide  process,  like  any  other  art,  has  been  and  is  being  developed 
and  improved  upon  from  time  to  time,  it  is  quite  natural  to  see  modern 
plants,  representing  the  most  improved  practice,  in  operation  in 
immediate  proximity  with  older  plants  whose  practice,  while  finan- 
cially successful,  does  not  represent  all  that  can  be  done.  This  will 
undoubtedly  continue  to  be  the  case  until  the  limits  of  development 
have  been  reached  and  there  is  no  hope  of  further  progress.  It  is 
necessary,  then,  to  consider  some  of  the  methods  which  are  still  in 
use  as  well  as  the  most  modern  applications.  * 

In  the  first  place,  when  pulp  is  delivered  to  the  ordinary  reduction 
plant,  it  consists  of  a  mixture  of  coarsely  crushed  material  and  a 
portion,  in  amount  depending  upon  the  method  of  crushing,  of  very 
fine  material.  Ordinarily  all  grades  between  the  two  extremes  are 
represented,  except  in  the  most  modern  plants,  where  all  the  pulp 
is  reduced  to  the  finest  possible  point  of  subdivision.  There  is  a  line 
of  division,  however,  which  is  used  to  divide  the  whole  into  two  classes, 
called  sand  and  slime.  It  is  a  very  difficult  matter  to  give  an  accurate 
definition  of  the  point  where  sand  ends  and  slime  begins,  but  for 
purposes  of  practical  use  it  may  be  said  that  clean  sand,  of  whatever 
fineness,  is  susceptible  to  the  leaching  or  percolation  process.  On 
the  contrary,  settled  slime  is  very  difficult  to  leach;  in  fact  most 
slimes  when  settled  are  quite  impenetrable.  This  point  is  the  one 
which  has  caused  so  much  difficulty  in  the  development  of  the  cyanide 
process  and  which  made  it  necessary,  for  successful  results,  to  sep- 
arate carefully  the  leachable  and  unleachable  content  of  a  ground 
ore,  and  to  treat  the  two  products  separately.  The  separation  is 
made  by  various  means,  all  depending,  however,  upon  the  more 
rapid  settling  of  sand  in  water.  One  favorite  and  very  good  method 


THE    CYANIDE    PLANT  II 

has  been  to  use  a  sand  treatment  tank  with  an  annular  launder  or 
gutter  around  the  top  of  the  tank.  This  tank  is  filled  with  water 
or  solution,  according  to  which  is  used  in  crushing,  and  then  the  flow 
of  pulp  from  the  grinding  plant  is  allowed  to  flow  into  the  tank.  It 
is  better  to  introduce  the  pulp  by  means  of  a  distributing  device 
such  as  the  Butters  and  Mein  distributor,  which  has  the  advantage 
of  filling  the  tank  evenly  from  center  to  circumference.  As  the  pulp 
enters,  the  sand,  being  heavier,  settles  immediately  to  the  bottom, 
while  the  slime,  being  fine  and  light,  overflows  with  the  excess  of 
solution  into  the  annular  launder  and  is  carried  to  the  place  where  its 
collection  is  effected.  It  is  best  in  many  cases  to  perform  a  pre- 
liminary separation  upon  the  pulp  before  it  is  delivered  to  the  sand 
tank.  This  may  be  performed  by  the  use  of  a  settling  cone,  from 
which  most  of  the  slime  is  overflowed  and  the  sand  drawn  out  of 
the  bottom  of  the  cone.  The  Dorr  classifier  is  also  largely  used  for 
this  purpose  and  is  a  very  efficient  contrivance.  It  consists  basi- 
cally of  a  series  of  rakes  in  an  inclined  bottomed  box.  The  pulp 
is  delivered  into  the  lower  end  of  the  box,  and  the  coarse  sand  which 
settles  promptly  is  carried  up  the  incline  by  the  rakes  until  it  is  finally 
delivered  clear  of  the  pulp  into  a  launder  which  takes  it  to  the  sand 
plant.  The  slime  overflows  from  the  lower  part  of  the  box  and  is 
delivered  to  the  slime  plant.  The  motion  of  the  rake,  which  is  inter- 
mittent, is  very  efficient  in  washing  out  the  main  part  of  the  slime 
from  the  sand  and  delivering  a  fairly  clean  sand  product  for  the  sand 
plant.  The  sand  tank  filled  with  solution  washes  out  what  slime 
remains,  and  the  resultant  sand  charge  is  in  good  condition  for  the 
percolation  treatment. 


FIG.  13.  —  Sand  Leaching  Tank 

The  tank  or  vat  in  which  the  sand  is  treated  contains  a  false  bottom 
made  of  a  lattice  work  of  wood  strips  which  supports  a  filter  mat 
made  of  coco  matting,  jute,  or  canvas.  This  filter  retains  the  sand 
charge  in  the  tank  while  permitting  the  solution  with  its  dissolved 
values  to  pass  freely  through.  The  solution  is  drawn  off  through 
pipes  fixed  in  the  tank  below  the  filter  bottom. 

In  treating  sands  it  is  important  to  know  accurately  the  quantity 
of  material  the  tank  may  contain  at  any  time.  To  do  this,  in  a  round 
tank,  it  is  only  necessary  to  know  the  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  the 


12 


CYANIDE    DATA 


u  u 

FIGS.  14  AND  15.  —  Types  of  Filter  Bottoms 
for  Sand  Leaching  Tanks 


SLIMES  13 

sand  as  laid  down  in  the  tank.  By  deducting  from  this  the  moisture 
contained  we  have  the  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  dry  sand  under  the 
conditions  obtaining  in  the  tank.  In  a  tank  having  a  known  content 
for  each  vertical  foot  (see  table,  p.  52)  the  distance  of  the  surface  of  the 
sand  charge  from  the  top  of  the  tank  is  measured  and  deducted  from 
the  total  content  of  the  tank.  It  is  usually  convenient  to  have  a 
small  box  made  which  will  hold  just  one  cubic  foot.  This  should 
be  filled  with  the  moist  sand  as  nearly  as  possible  like  the  sand  laid 
down  in  the  tank.  Very  often  the  box  can  be  placed  in  the  tank 
while  it  is  filling  and  thus  a  very  fair  sample  of  its  density  can  be 
obtained.  This  box  is  weighed,  the  moisture  in  the  sample  of  sand 
determined,  and  the  weight  of  both  the  box  and  the  moisture  deducted, 
thus  leaving  the  weight  of  one  cubic  foot  of  dry  sand  under  the  con- 
ditions obtaining  in  the  tank.  Knowing  the  cubic  content  occupied 
by  the  sand,  the  tonnage  of  the  tank  follows. 

The  most  approved  and  efficient  method  of  treating  sand  is  to  add 
the  solution  in  separate  baths,  the  strong  solution  being  added  first, 
and  as  soon  as  the  leachings  show  that  the  maximum  strength  has 
been  reached  throughout  the  charge,  weaker  solution  is  used.  This 
is  gradually  made  weaker  and  weaker  until  the  last  baths  are  of  clear 
water  which  displaces  the  pregnant  solution  and  all  dissolved  values. 
Between  each  bath  of  solution  it  is  advisable  to  allow  the  charge  to 
leach  as  dry  as  possible.  This  permits  the  passage  of  air  throughout 
the  charge  and  materially  assists  the  next  bath  to  dissolve  further 
values.  In  some  cases  this  process  is  assisted  by  means  of  a  vacuum 
pump  which  draws  the  air  positively  through  the  mass  of  the  charge. 

Sand  charges,  after  treatment,  are  discharged  in  the  most  economi- 
cal way  possible  under  the  circumstances.  If  water  is  available  it 
is  much  the  cheapest  way  to  thoroughly  saturate  the  charge  and  then 
discharge  it  with  water  under  head  from  a  hose.  In  this  way  the  tank 
may  be  quickly  and  cheaply  emptied.  Where  water  is  scarce  other 
methods  have  to  be  resorted  to.  Discharging  by  hand  shoveling  is 
the  most  expensive  way  of  doing  the  work,  but  where  the  plant  is 
small  and  water  scarce,  it  must  be  used.  The  Blaisdell  excavating 
apparatus  for  automatically  discharging  sand  tanks  is  very  excellent 
and  closely  approaches  the  cost  of  hydraulic  sluicing,  but  the 
machinery  is  expensive  and  not  applicable  to  the  small  plant.  The 
machine  is  practically  a  rotary  plow  with  disc  cutters  suspended  by 
arms  fixed  to  a  central  revolving  shaft.  This  shaft  is  lowered  as  the 
plow  discs  cut  their  way  through  the  charge.  The  sand  is  forced 
toward  the  center  of  the  tank  and  discharged  through  a  central 
opening  in  the  bottom. 

SLIMES 

THE  slime,  or  very  fine,  non-leachable  portion  of  the  ore  is  carried 
to  the  slime  plant  where  special  means  are  taken  to  separate  it  from 
the  superfluous  water  and  collect  the  thickened  slime  in  charges  for 
treatment.  Large  cones  are  often  used  for  dewatering  the  slime. 
These  cones  deliver  a  product  containing  from  50  to  75%  water  or 
more,  as  is  considered  necessary  in  treatment.  Where  crushing  is 
performed  in  solution  it  is  not  necessary  to  take  out  such  a  large  per- 


CYANIDE    DATA 


centage  of  the  water  or  solution,  as  treatment  can  be  performed 
in  the  same  solution  by  adding  sufficient  cyanide  to  raise  the  solution 
to  the  strength  necessary  for  proper  treatment.  Slime  is  very  often 
collected  in  the  same  tank  in  which  treatment  is  performed.  The 
full  stream  of  pulp  is  allowed  to  fall  into  the  tank,  generally  through 
a  box  reaching  down  into  the  tank,  or  behind  a  baffle  board.  The 
current  in  the  tank  being  very  slow,  the  slime  settles  to  the  bottom, 
clear  solution  being  allowed  to  overflow  from  the  tank.  This  clear 
solution  may  be,  and  very  often  is,  returned  directly  from  this  point 
to  the  crushing  plant,  where  it  is  used  over  again.  A  solution  thus 
used  will  in  time  accumulate  considerable  quantities  of  dissolved 
values.  To  reduce  these,  the  mill  solution  is  at  stated  intervals 
passed  through  the  precipitation  boxes,  thence  back  again  to  the 
crushing  plant. 

In  thus  collecting  slime  in  the  treatment  tanks,  a  certain  proportion 
must  be  observed  between  the  flow  and  the  size  of  the  collecting 
tank;  otherwise,  if  the  stream  is  too  great,  the  overflow  will  carry 
more  or  less  of  the  lighter  slime  with  it.  The  addition  of  a  proper 
amount  of  lime  to  the  solutions  current  in  the  mill  will  give  the  slime 
a  tendency  to  settle  more  rapidly  and  leave  a  clearer  supernatant 
solution. 

The  size  of  vats  or  tanks  giving  a  clear  overflow  when  receiving 
slime  pulp  is  given  by  Julian  and  Smart  (Cyaniding  Gold  and  Silver 
Ores),  as  follows: 


Diameter  ol 

tank. 

Cubic  feet  of  slime  pulp  delivered  per  minute. 

20  fe 

et 

18. 

25 

25- 

30 

34= 

35 
40 

45 

45-5 
60. 

78. 

5o 

v     IOO. 

The  treatment  of  slimes  has  been  developed  from  a  point  where 
it  was  not  possible  to  treat  them  at  all,  many  mills  having  discarded 
this  product  for  years,  to  the  present-day  practice  where  they  are 
the  simplest  and  most  economical  form  of  ore  to  treat  and  where 
results  are  the  best  obtainable  by  practice.  The  slime  after  having 
been  collected  in  a  charge  of  a  suitable  amount  is  then  treated 
with  cyanide  solution  of  the  strength  found  by  experiment  to  be  best 
adapted  to  it.  As  it  is  imposssible  to  successfully  leach  slime,  the 
only  remaining  way  is  to  keep  it  in  motion  .during  the  time  when 
extraction  is  proceeding.  The  more  thoroughly  the  charge  is  kept 
in  agitation,  the  better  will  be  the  final  result.  At  first  this  agitation 
was  attempted  by  keeping  the  charge  of  slime  stirred  up  with  a 
current  of  compressed  air,  the  air  being  directed  through  a  hose 
and  small  pipe  by  a  man  whose  duty  it  was  to  see  that  the  slime 


SLIMES  15 

was  kept  in  continual  motion  as  far  as  possible.  This  procedure 
gave  results,  but  proved  to  be  expensive,  and  efforts  were  soon  made 
to  keep  the  charge  in  motion  mechanically.  From  this  was  devel- 
oped the  mechanical  stirring  gear  which  has  been  so  widely  used. 
This  consists  of  a  vertical  shaft  in  the  center  of  the  tank  carrying 
horizontal  arms  near  the  bottom  of  the  tank,  the  shaft  being  revolved 
by  means  of  gears  from  a  horizontal  shaft  passing  over  the  line  of 
tanks.  This  method  also  gave  good  results,  an  improvement  on 
the  previous  methods.  Later  a  scheme  was  devised  by  which  the 


FIG.  16.  —  Agitating  Slime  with  Compressed  Air  through  Hose 

central  shaft  was  made  hollow  and  compressed  air  was  introduced 
through  it  to  pipes  carried  by  the  radial  arms,  thus  adding  air  agita- 
tion and,  to  a  certain  degree,  oxygen  also  to  the  charge.  This  idea 
also  had  merit  and  was  successful.  It  probably  led  the  way  to  the 
most  modern  practice  of  to-day,  which  is  the  use  of  the  Brown  or 
Pachuca  tank.  This  tank  is  a  tall  cylinder  having  a  cone  bottom. 
In  the  center  of  the  tank  is  a  tube  which  reaches  not  quite  to  the  top 
of  the  tank,  and  terminates  a  short  distance  from  the  bottom  of  the 
cone.  Into  the  lower  end  of  this  tube  is  introduced  a  small  pipe 
carrying  compressed  air.  The  air  introduced  at  this  point  lightens 


i6 


CYANIDE    DATA 


the  material  in  the  central  pipe  and  causes  it  to  overflow  at  tne  top, 
and  consequently  drawing  in  more  pulp  to  replace  it  at  the  bottom 
of  the  tank.  This  action  is  practically  that  of  the  air  lift.  By  this 
system  it  is  possible  to  keep  a  charge  in  thorough  motion  during 
the  time  it  is  being  treated,  and  the  cost  is  considerably  less  than 
that  of  the  most  approved  mechanical  agitators.  The  angle  at  the 
apex  of  the  cone  bottom  is  made  as  acute  as  is  possible  in  order  to 
avoid  any  settling  of  the  charge  on  the  walls  of  the  cone  and  at  the 


FIG.  17. —  Slime  Tank  with 
Mechanical  Agitator 

bottom.  It  has  been  suggested  that  water  pipes  be  installed  in  the 
tank  at  this  point,  so  that,  should  settling  occur  for  any  reason,  water 
can  be  added  under  pressure  and  so  loosen  the  settled  charge  to  such 
a  point  that  the  air  lift  may  begin  to  work.  After  the  lift  is  at 
work  it  will  soon  bring  into  motion  any  material  that  may  remain 
settled. 

Slimes  usually  require  to  be  treated  with  solution  of  much  less 
strength  than  sands,  as  the  material  is  so  much  more  finely  divided. 
In  consequence  of  this  fine  division  also,  much  less  time  is  necessary 


SLIMES 


FIG.  18.  —  "  Brown  "  or  "  Pachuca  ' 
Slime  Agitation  Tank 


l8  CYANIDE    DATA 

for  treatment.  In  these  two  items  is  contained  a  large  part  of  the 
reason  why  slime  is  cheaper  to  treat  than  sand.  The  saving  is  so 
great,  all  considered,  that  it  largely  overbalances  the  increased  cost  of 
grinding. 

In  treating  slime,  it  is  necessary,  as  with  sands,  to  know  accurately 
the  quantity  of  dry  slime  each  tank  contains.  In  calculating  this 
tonnage  the  specific  gravity  of  the  dry  slime  and  that  ofthe  charge 
must  be  known.  The  former  is  calculated  in  the  laboratory  by 
experiment.  The  latter  can  be  obtained  at  any  moment* by  the  use  of 
a  graduated  measuring  flask  whose  weight  has  been  determined. 
Filling  the  flask  with  a  sample  of  the  pulp  under  treatment  and  weigh- 
ing it,  thus  finding  the  weight  of  the  slime  pulp  itself,  without  the 
bottle,  and  comparing  this  weight  with  the  weight  of  the  same  volume 
of  water,  the  specific  gravity  of  the  charge  is  arrived  at.  Taking 
one  cubic  foot  of  water,  weighing  62.5  Ibs.  as  a  unit,  62.5  times  the 
volume  of  water  in  one  cubic  foot  of  charge  will  equal  the  weight  of 
the  water  in  that  amount.  And  the  specific  gravity  of  the  dry  slime 
times  62.5  equals  the  weight  of  one  cubic  foot.  Multiplying  this  by 
the  volume  of  dry  slime  in  one  cubic  foot  of  charge  gives  the  weight 
of  slime  in  this  amount.  The  sum  of  the  weights  of  water  and  slime 
in  one  cubic  foot  of  charge  will  be  equal  to  the  weight  of  the  charge 
per  cubic  foot,  which  is  the  specific  gravity  of  the  charge  multiplied 
by  62.5. 

Expressing  this  algebraically: 

Let  E  equal  specific  gravity  of  dry  slime 
<    P  "        "  charge 

"   X      tl      volume  of  slime  in  one  cubic  foot  of  charge 
u    y      tt  «       «   water  «    «        «        «     «       « 

Then  62.5  Y  +  (E  62.5)  X  =  P  62.5 

But  X+Y-i,  then  Y-i  =X 

Substituting  for  Y  its  value  in  the  equation,  we  have  the  formula 
62.5  (i-X)+  (P62.5)  X  =  P62.5 

Example,  Let  E  —  2.5  and  P  =  1.3 

Then  62.5  (i  -X)  +  (2.5  X  62.5)  X  =  81.25 

62.5  (i  —X)+  156.25^  =  81.25 

93.75  X  =  81.25-  62.5  -  18.75 
or  X  =  .2 

So  that  in  a  slime  charge  whose  specific  gravity  is  1.3,  two  tenths 
of  each  cubic  foot  is  dry  slime.  As  dry  slime  of  specific  gravity  of 
2.5  weighs  156.25  Ibs.  per  cubic  foot,  it  follows  that  there  are  31.25 
Ibs.  of  dry  slime  for  each  cubic  foot  of  charge. 

The  specific  gravity  of  dry  slime  from  quartz  ores  will  closely 
approximate  2.5  as  an  average,  so  that  this  figure  may  have  a  wide 
application.  Therefore  the  table,  page  58,  has  been  calculated  using 
this  figure,  for  all  percentages  of  dry  slime  in  charge.  This  table  will 
be  found  very  useful  for  practical  operation,  as  it  makes  it  the  matter 
of  a  moment  to  calculate  the  tonnage  of  a  charge.  Should  the  specific 


SLIMES 


2O 


CYANIDE    DATA 


gravity  of  the  slime  under  treatment  vary  much  from  this  figure  it 
will  be  advantageous  to  make  a  similar  table  for  regular  use  in  the 
slime  plant. 

Before  discharging  the  slime  charge  it  is  necessary  to  wash  out, 
as  far  as  possible,  the  values  in  solution.  Formerly  this  was  accom- 
plished by  giving  a  water  wash  and  then  settling  the  charge  for  a 
long  time  in  special  settling  tanks,  decanting  off  the  cleared  solution 
from  time  to  time  as  it  became  possible.  At  its  best  this  method 
was  wasteful,  as  a  good  deal  of  cyanide  and  some  values  in  solution 
had  to  be  run  to  waste  with  the  slime  tailings.  Recently,  however, 
the  filtering  of  these  tailings  has  become  standard  practice,  resulting 
in  a  large  saving  of  cyanide  values  in  solution  and  time.  The  first 


Canvas 

Separating  strips  ' 

FIG.  20.  —  Moore  Filter  Leaf 


of  these  filters  to  come  into  successful  use  was  that  designed  by  George 
Moore  and  the  machine  is  known  as  the  Moore  Vacuum  Filter.  A 
very  large  number  of  these  machines  are  in  use  in  many  parts  of  the 
world.  Following  this  lead,  many  other  types  of  filter  have  been 
devised,  most  of  them  depending  on  the  same  principle,  that  of 
vacuum.  Among  these  probably  the  most  popular  has  been  that 
designed  by  the  staff  of  Chas.  Butters  &  Co.  and  known  as  the 
Butters  Filter.  The  Burt  filter  is  another  of  the  successful  ones. 
Its  principle  is  like  the  others  except  that  the  mass  is  filtered  by  means 
of  pressure  instead  of  vacuum.  The  basic  principle  of  these  filters 
is  the  use  of  a  frame  or  leaf,  made  of  coco  matting  with  a  layer  of 
canvas  sewed  on  each  side,  and  the  whole  covering  a  frame  of  small 


SLIMES 


21 


22  CYANIDE    DATA 

iron  pipe  perforated  with  small  holes.  One  end  of  this  pipe  is  con- 
nected with  a  vacuum  pump  and  the  frame  is  immersed  in  the  pulp 
to  be  filtered.  The  vacuum  causes  the  clear  solution  to  be  drawn 
through  the  mat  and  the  solid  slime  pulp  forms  a  cake  on  the  outside 
of  the  mat.  A  number  of  these  leaves  are  used  in  a  unit  box  or  tank, 
depending  upon  the  amount  of  slime  to  be  filtered.  The  Ridgway 


FIG.  22.  —  "  Burt  "  Rapid  Slime  Filter 

filter  operates  on  the  same  principle,  but  is  rotary  and  continuous. 
It  accomplishes  good  work  but  is  a  rather  complicated  machine. 
The  filter  designed  by  Hunt  is  a  circular  rotary  continuous  machine, 
using  sand  as  a  medium  of  filtering,  thus  avoiding  the  expense  of 
repairing  cloths.  This  machine  seems  to  be  a  particularly  efficient 
and  economical  machine  and  its  use  may  offer  advantages  over  any 
other  type  at  present  in  use. 


SLIMES 


CYANIDE    DATA 


FIG.  24.  —  Hunt  Continuous  Slime  Filter 

The  solution  from  both  sand  and  slime  tanks  is  carried  to  the  pre- 
cipitation department,  where  the  valuable  metal  is  separated  from  the 
solution  and  collected.  Solution  from  slime  treatment,  whether  the 
result  of  settling  or  nitration,  usually  has  to  be  further  clarified 
before  it  is  in  proper  condition  to  proceed  to  the  precipitation  depart- 
ment. This  is  usually  accomplished  by  passing  the  solution  through 
sand  filters  which  take  out  the  last  trace  of  slime  and  send  the  solu- 
tion perfectly  clear  to  the  precipitators. 

PRECIPITATION 

THERE  are  three  methods  of  precipitation  in  general  use  at  present 
and  most  plants  have  adopted  one  of  these  or  a  combination  of  two 
or  more  of  them.  The  most  general  way,  by  far,  is  precipitation  on 
zinc  shavings.  By  this  method  the  solution  is  passed  through  long 
narrow  boxes  which  are  divided  off  into  compartments  in  such  a 
way  that  the  solution  rises  through  the  mass  of  zinc  shavings  and 
flows  down  between  them.  In  this  process  the  zinc  replaces  the  gold 
and  silver  in  solution,  the  latter  being  precipitated  loosely  on  the 
zinc  in  the  form  of  a  black  slime  or  sludge.  The  zinc  shavings  are 
supported  a  few  inches  from  the  bottom  of  the  box  on  a  screen  which 
allows  the  solution  to  pass  freely  through  while  holding  the  zinc  in 
place.  The  space  below  the  screens  is  utilized  to  allow  the  settle- 
ment of  the  precipitated  slime  of  gold  and  silver.  A  very  modern 
and  efficient  method  of  precipitation  is  that  devised  by  Merrill  and 
in  use  at  the  Homestake  plant,  South  Dakota.  This  process  uses 
zinc  fume  or  dust  in  place  of  the  shavings.  This  zinc  dust  is  metallic 
zinc  in  the  form  of  an  extremely  fine  powder.  On  account  of  the 
extreme  fineness  its  precipitating  action  on  solutions  of  gold  and  silver 
cyanides  is  almost  instantaneous.  Therefore  in  order  that  there 
shall  be  no  re-solution  of  the  precipitated  metal,  the  whole  solution 


PRECIPITATION 


is  pumped  through  a  filter  press  at  once,  where  the  precipitate  and 
any  unused  zinc  is  taken  out  of  the  solution  immediately.  The  great 
advantage  of  this  process  is  that  no  zinc  boxes  are  required  and  the 
labor  of  cleaning  up  is  saved.  Also  it  produces,  at  every  clean-up, 


g 
M 


the  entire  amount  of  metal  which  has  been  recovered.  On  the  con- 
trary, zinc  shavings  hold  a  large  amount  of  values  which  cannot 
be  recovered  until  the  zinc  is  entirely  used  up. 

The  third  process  now  in  use  is  the  electrical  precipitation  process 
originated  by  Siemens-Halske  of   Berlin.      This   process   has   been 


26  CYANIDE    DATA 

used  extensively  in  South  Africa.  The  idea  is  simply  the  precipita- 
tion or  plating  of  the  metals  in  solution  upon  a  cathode  by  means  of 
a  current  of  low  density.  This  process  has  been  modified  by  the  staff 
of  Chas.  Butters  &  Co.,  by  which  company  the  process  has  been 
used  for  years.  The  modification  consists  in  increasing  the  current 
density  to  a  point  where  the  metal  no  longer  plates  itself  on  the 
cathode,  but  precipitates  in  the  form  of  a  slime  of  the  metal  and  falls 
to  the  bottom  of  the  box.  Iron  anodes  and  lead  foil  cathodes  are 
used.  The  current  density  used  in  this  process  is  about  .3  amperes 
per  square  foot  of  anode.  The  advantage  of  this  system  is  that 
a  large  bulk  of  precipitate  can  be  handled  without  the  expense  of  the 
consumption  of  zinc  usual  with  shavings.  The  electric  current  also 
precipitates  whatever  metal  may  be  in  the  solution  and  is  not  affected 
by  solutions  not  altogether  clear. 

When  a  clean-up  is  to  be  made  in  the  ordinary  zinc  shaving  plant, 
the  flow  is  turned  off  the  boxes  to  be  cleaned  and  the  zinc  shaken 
thoroughly  to  clear  it  of  all  precipitate  which  may  be  shaken  off. 
This  precipitate  is  then  allowed  to  settle  and  an  opening  in  the  bottom 
of  the  box  is  opened  and  the  content  of  the  box  run  to  sump.  This 
flow  from  the  box  is  usually  passed  through  a  screen  to  free  the  pre- 
cipitate from  any  pieces  of  coarse  zinc  which  may  have  passed  into 
the  bottom  of  the  compartment.  The  finer  the  screen  the  cleaner 
the  resulting  bullion.  The  precipitate  is  then  pumped  through  a 
small  filter  press  which  rids  it  of  the  solution.  The  cake  formed  is 
partially  dried,  fluxed  and  melted  in  crucibles.  The  broken  zinc 
which  is  caught  on  the  screen  is  either  treated  with  acid,  and  melted, 
or  better,  is  placed  in  trays  having  a  fine  screen  bottom  and  placed 
in  the  flow-  of  strong  solution  where  the  zinc  is  used  up  and  aids  in 
precipitation  until  it  finally  is  absorbed  by  the  solution. 

The  precipitate  to  be  melted  is  not  thoroughly  dried  in  order  to 
avoid  losses  in  dusting.  The  flux  used  for  the  precipitate  depends 
entirely  on  the  nature  of  the  metal  and  varies  in  different  localities. 
A  flux  which  has  been  used  with  good  results  for  gold-silver  precipi- 
tate which  has  been  washed  through  a  4o-mesh  screen  is  as  follows. 

Precipitate, 100  % 

Borax  Glass IO% 

Soda  (bicarb.)     5  % 

Silica  (sand)      2  % 

Sometimes  where  there  is  more  zinc  in  the  precipitate  it  is  well  to 
add  a  small  portion  of  niter  to  the  flux.  The  first  pourings  from  the 
crucibles  usually  deliver  slabs  of  metal  of  different  sizes  and  these 
are  re  melted  into  bars  of  whatever  weight  may  be  required. 

Solutions 

IN  treating  ores  by  the  cyanide  process  it  is  necessary  to  make  up 
solutions  of  a  strength  which  has  been  proved  most  satisfactory. 
This  strength  of  solution  is  one  by  the  use  of  which  it  has  been  found 
that  the  economical  limit  of  extraction  can  be  reached  in  a  given  time. 


PRECIPITATION  27 

It  is  not  true  that  a  very  strong  solution  will  necessarily  be  more  effi- 
cient than  a  much  weaker  one.  In  fact  the  contrary  seems  more 
likely  to  be  true  within  limits.  In  treating  ores  whose  values  are 
economically  in  gold  only,  it  has  been  the  custom  to  use  solutions 
containing  from  .02  to  .1  %  KCN.  Silver  ores  require  stronger  solu- 
tions for  the  reasons  that  to  be  workable  at  all  a  silver  ore  must  have 
a  much  larger  weight  of  metal  than  a  gold  ore,  and  also  because  the 
chemical  reactions  of  cyanide  solutions  with  silver  require  a  larger 
portion  of  the  former  to  effect  solution.  The  strength  to  be  used 
depends  entirely  upon  the  nature  and  quantity  of  the  metal  contained 
and  also  to  a  great  degree  upon  the  other  constituents  of  the  ore 
which  may  have  an  effect  upon  it.  The  proper  solution  to  be 
used  is  determined  by  experiment  before  commercial  treatment  is 
attempted.  Having  determined  the  strength  to  be  used  the  next 
step  is  to  make  the  solutions. 

To  make  a  tank  full  of  solution  of  a  determined  strength,  first  find 
the  capacity  of  the  tank  in  tons  of  water.  Calculate  the  capacity 
of  each  vertical  inch  of  the  tank.  The  per  cent  to  which  the  solution 
is  to  be  made  up,  multiplied  by  20  (in  a  2000  Ib.  ton)  gives  the  number 
of  pounds  of  KCN  to  be  added  to  each  ton  of  water.  Multiplying  by 
the  number  of  tons  of  water  contained  in  the  tank  will  give  the  number 
of  pounds  of  KCN  to  be  added  to  the  tank  to  make  the  solution. 
Expressing  this  algebraically:  Let  L  equal  the  number  of  inches 
in  the  tank.  Let  X  equal  the  strength  to  be  made  up  and  Y  equal 
the  present  strength  of  the  solution'  in  the  tank.  Let  A  equal  the 
number  of  tons  per  inch  in  the  tank.  Then  X  —  Y  =  N,  which 
is  the  difference  between  the  actual  and  required  strength  and  there- 
fore the  percentage  which  is  to  be  added  to  the  •  solution.  Then 

AL  X  20  N  =  Ibs.  KCN  to  be  added. 

When  the  solution  is  to  be  made  up  with  water,  Y  =  O. 
In  computing  in  metric  tons,  simply  multiply  the  percentage  to  be 
added  by  the  number  of  tons  to  be  made  up.     The  result  is  in  kilos. 
Thus,  i  ton  equals  1000  kilos. 

1000  x  .3%  =  3.000  kilos  KCN  to  be  added. 

In  using  sodium  cyanide,  NaCN,  which  is  now  largely  used  on 
the  score  of  economy,  it  is  necessary  to  calculate  its  value  in  terms  of 
KCN,  as  all  percentages  are  calculated  and  expressed  in  terms  of  the 
salt  originally  used.  Commercial  NaCN  contains  from  125  to  130% 
KCN.  To  find  the  strength  of  sodium  cyanide  in  terms  of  KCN, 
make  up  a  small  quantity  of  solution  of  the  proportion  of  i  gram  of 
the  cyanide  to  100  cc.  of  distilled  water.  If  pure  KCN  were  used 
this  solution  would  be  i  %  KCN.  Titrate  this  solution  with  standard 
silver  nitrate  (AgNO3)  as  noted  below,  and  the  result  will  show  the 
strength  of  the  sodium  cyanide.  From  this  data  it  is  a  simple  cal- 
culation to  find  the  weight  of  sodium  cyanide  to  be  used  to  make  the 
solutions  in  terms  of  per  cent,  of  KCN. 

To  test  the  strength  of  cyanide  solutions,  the  general  method  is 
by  titrating  with  standard  silver  nitrate  solution.  This  solution  is 


28  CYANIDE    DATA 

made  up  of  such  strength  that  i  cc.  of  the  standard  nitrate  solution 
represents  i  %  KCN.  13.07  grams  of  pure  crystal  AgNO3  added  to 
i  liter  of  distilled  water  will  give  a  solution  of  such  strength.  Very 
often  in  testing  weak  solutions  of  cyanide  it  is  convenient  to  have  the 
standard  solution  made  up  to  half  this  strength.  In  order  that  the 
end  point  of  the  reaction  of  the  silver  nitrate  with  cyanide  solutions 
may  be  made  clear,  an  indicator  is  generally  used,  consisting  of  a 
few  drops  of  a  10%  solution  of  potassium  iodide  (KI).  This  renders 
the  precipitate  heavier  and  imparts  a  yellow  opalescent  tint  which 
may  be  readily  recognized  with  practice.  In  order  to  familiarize 
oneself  with  this  color,  add  two  drops  of  KI  solution  to  10  cc.  of  dis- 
tilled water  and  then  from  a  burette  add  a  drop  of  silver  nitrate  solu- 
tion. The  yellow  color  will  appear  immediately.  In  solutions  which 
have  been  in  use  for  some  time  and  contain  other  elements  which  might 
mask  the  reaction  it  is  a  good  plan  to  add  a  liberal  quantity  of  dis- 
tilled water,  say  20  cc.  to  the  10  cc.  of  cyanide  solution  under  test. 
This  dilutes  the  solution  to  such  a  point  that  the  reaction  may  be 
easily  recognized.  This  test  shows  the  free  or  available  cyanide  in 
the  solution.  Should  it  be  required  to  estimate  the  total  cyanide 
in  solution,  add  10  cc.  of  sodium  hydrate  (NaOH)  solution  (20  grams 
to  liter)  to  50  cc.  of  solution  to  be  tested  and  titrate  as  above. 

All  cyanide  solutions  used  in  treating  ores  contain  a  certain  amount 
of  lime.  This  lime  is  added  for  two  reasons,  first,  to  counteract  any 
acid  tendencies  in  the  ore  which  might  consume  cyanide,  and  second 
to  aid  settlement  of  the  slime.  In  silver  ores  this  addition  of  lime  is 
particularly  necessary.  The  addition  of  lime,  however,  is  often  car- 
ried to  a  point  far  beyond  that  necessary  and  even  so  far  as  to  become 
an  actual  detriment  to  treatment.  The  small  amount  of  lime  neces- 
sary to  counteract  the  acidity  of  the  ore  is  generally  quite  sufficient 
to  carry  out  the  settling  function  satisfactorily.  According  to  experi- 
ments made  by  Sharwood  (Jour.  Chem.  Met.  &  Min.  Soc.  S.  A.) 
lime  higher  than  .3  Ib.  per  ton  of  solution  actually  retards  the  solution 
of  gold  to  a  great  extent. 

To  test  for  the  amount  of  free  lime  in  solution,  either  oxalic  acid 
or  sulphuric  acid  may  be  used.  The  former  is  made  up  in  a  tenth 
normal  solution.  Each  cc.  of  this  solution  used  in  50  cc.  of  the  cyan- 
ide solution  to  be  tested  represents  .008  %  CaO.  This  test  is  to  be 
performed  after  the  titration  with  silver  nitrate  in  order  that  the  KCN 
may  not  be  titrated  as  lime. 

In  using  sulphuric  acid  for  titrating  for  lime,  a  tenth  normal  solu- 
tion is  used.  The  titration  is  made  in  this  case  after  titrating  with 
silver  nitrate,  as  in  the  case  of  oxalic  acid,  10  cc.  of  the  cyanide 
solution  being  used.  After  the  titration  with  silver  nitrate,  an  excess 
of  potassium  ferrocyanide  is  added,  and  the  titration  made  with  the 

N 

—  sulphuric  acid,    i  cc.  of  this  solution  equals  .0112  %  CaO. 

In  the  cases  of  both  oxalic  and  sulphuric  acids,  an  indicator  is 
used  to  show  the  point  where  the  solution  ceases  to  be  alkaline.  The 
indicator  most  used  is  phenol-phthalein,  a  few  drops  being  added  just 
before  titrating.  This  solution  is  made  by  dissolving  phenol-phthalein 
in  alcohol  to  saturation  and  then  adding  distilled  water  until  a  perma- 


PRECIPITATION  29 

nent  precipitate  is  thrown  down.  In  alkaline  solutions  this  indicator 
has  a  purple  red  color.  In  acid  solutions  it  is  colorless. 

A  normal  solution  is  one  of  which  one  liter  contains  a  quantity 
of  the  substance,  expressed  in  grams,  chemically  equivalent  to  one 
gram  of  hydrogen.  In  cases  where  the  solution  is  to  be  made  from  a 
salt  which  contains  water  of  crystallization,  the  weight  of  the  combined 
water  must  be  taken  into  consideration.  As  in  the  case  of  oxalic 
acid: 

H2C2O4  +  2H2O 
H2=    2 
C2  =  24 
O4  =  64 
2H2O  =  36 
H2  =  i26         H  =  63 

Thus  63  grams  oxalic  acid  to  one  liter  distilled  water  makes  a  normal 
solution  of  oxalic  acid.  In  other  words,  the  sum  of  the  atomic  weights 
of  the  elements  comprising  the  formula  of  the  compound,  divided  by 
the  number  of  atoms  of  hydrogen  contained,  or  to  which  it  is  equiv- 
alent, is  equal  to  the  number  of  grams  of  the  substance  to  be  added 
to  one  liter  of  water  to  make  a  normal  solution. 

In  treating  gold  ores  the  reaction  taking  place  between  the  gold 
and  potassium  cyanide  is  expressed  in  the  equation  known  as  Eisner's 
equation : 

4Au  +  8KCN  +  O  =  4KAu  (CN)2 

This  equation  shows  the  proportion  of  gold  soluble  in  cyanide  solu- 
tion and  also  shows  the  necessity  of  sufficient  oxidation  to  complete 
the  reaction.  In  the  case  of  silver  the  reactions  are  much  more  com- 
plicated. The  oxygen  does  not  play  the  direct  part  in  the  solution  of 
silver  as  in  gold,  but  the  indirect  reactions  taking  place  show  that  the 
oxygen  is  quite  as  necessary,  if  not  more  so.  The  reactions  do  not 
take  place  as  promptly  as  in  the  case  of  gold,  probably  because  the 
silver  is  always  in  combination  with  other  elements  and  the  requisites 
for  the  completion  of  the  reactions  are  not  at  hand  to  be  used  promptly. 
The  reactions  given  for  the  solution  of  silver  sulphide  in  cyanide  solu 
tions  are  given  by  Sharwood  (Min.  &  Sci.  Press,  Sept  26,  1908)  as 
follows: 

96  KCN  +  Ag2S  =  2  KAg  (CN)2  +  92  KCN  +  K2S 

This  is  in  the  proportion  of  28.9  KCN  to  i  Ag  and  represents  the 
dissolving  without  oxidation.  The  K2S  formed  in  solution  is  probably 
changed  during  slow  oxidation  to  potassium  thiocyanate  and  potas- 
sium hydrate, 

K2S  +  KCN  +  O  =  KCNS  +  2  KOH 

It  has  been  shown  that  if  silver  sulphide  ores  are  treated  with  cyanide 
solutions  a  soluble  double  cyanide  of  the  silver  with  K  or  Na  is  formed 
with  K2S  or  Na2S  as  shown  above.  Now  it  is  a  fact  that  in  the  pres- 
ence of  soluble  sulphides  the  silver  will  not  remain  completely  in 
solution  and  extraction  will  not  be  good.  In  order  to  eliminate  these 


30  CYANIDE    DATA 

soluble  sulphides,  a  soluble  salt  of  some  element  whose  sulphide  is 
insoluble  must  be  added  to  the  solution.  Lead  salts  are  conveniently 
used  and  generally  in  the  form  of  the  acetate,  although  litharge  may 
be  used  with  good  effect.  The  following  reactions  are  given  by 
Caldecott  (Jour.  Chem.  Met.  &  Min.  Soc.  S.  A.,  March,  1908)  show- 
ing the  reactions  following  the  use  of  lead  salts: 


4NaCN  =  2NaAg(CN)2  + 
This  reaction  showing  the  formation  of  sodium  sulphide: 


2  Na2S  +2O=  Na^oOa  +  Na2O 
Na2S2O3  +  Na2O  +  2O2=  2Na2SO4 
and 

Na2S  +  NaCN  +  O  =  NaCNS  +  Na2O 

showing  the  formation  of  thiocyanate. 

The  lead  acetate  added  to  the  solution  yields  lead  oxide,  the  reac- 
tions with  which  are, 

Na2S  +  PbO  =  PbS  +  Na2O 

The  lead  sulphide  is  insoluble  and  it  is  precipitated  and  removed 
from  the  solution.  Then  follows: 

PbS  +  NaCN  +  O  -  NaCNS  +  PbO 

Here  the  thiocyanate  is  again  formed  in  solution,  taking  the  sulphur 
atoms,  and  the  lead  oxide  is  liberated  and  is  free  for  further  use  in 
repeating  the  above  cycle  of  reactions.  The  NaCNS  formed  is  useless 
for  further  dissolving.  This  is  one  of  the  reasons  for  the  higher  con- 
sumption of  cyanide  when  silver  is  being  treated. 

In  the  majority  of  cases  the  above  reactions  are  hampered  for 
several  reasons,  and  the  dissolving  and  consequent  extraction  of  the 
silver  values  is  slow.  Probably  the  large  amount  of  oxygen  needed 
to  complete  the  reactions  is  not  available  promptly  and  the  reactions 
have  to  proceed  with  a  speed  depending  upon  how  fast  the  requisite 
oxygen  can  be  supplied. 

There  are  many  different  expressions  of  opinion  on  the  subject 
of  the  reactions  taking  place  when  silver  ores  are  treated,  so  that  the 
above  reactions  cannot  be  offered  with  absolute  certainty  of  truth, 
but  they  do  represent  the  evolved  opinions  of  those  most  familiar 
with  the  situation  and  who  have  given  it  mgst  careful  attention  and 
study. 

Stoichiometry 

WHILE  it  is  not  within  the  scope  of  this  work  to  go  very  deeply 
into  chemical  science  or  calculation,  at  the  same  time  it  is  a  wise  plan 
for  every  one  working  with  the  practice  of  cyaniding,  which  depends 
directly  upon  chemical  knowledge,  to  know  something  about  the  cal- 
culations of  chemical  reactions  in  order  that  he  may  be  able  to  under- 
stand the  principles  governing  them  and  be  able  to  solve  a  few  simple 
problems  which  may  present  themselves  at  any  time. 


PRECIPITATION  31 

Stoichiometry  is  simply  the  arithmetic  of  chemistry.  Its  practice 
involves  only  a  knowledge  of  chemical  reactions  and  basic  arithmetic. 
Most  of  the  problems  arising  can  be  solved  by  the  rules  of  simple  pro- 
portion. A  few  examples  will  best  show  the  application  and  principle 
of  the  work. 

Calculation  of  percentage  from  weight: 

Suppose  one  gram  of  iron  ore  is  taken  for  assay.  The  weight  of 
iron  obtained  is  .02  gram.  What  is  the  percentage  of  iron  in  the  ore? 

Weight  taken  :  weight  found  :  :  100  :  X 
i  :         .02  :  :  100  :  X 

X  =2% 

Calculation  of  percentage  from  chemical  formula: 
This  class  of  problem  is  also  solved  by  proportion,  using  in  the 
first  two  terms  the  weights  of  the  constituents  in  question  and  in  the 
last  two  their  corresponding  percentages. 

The  formula  for  silver  nitrate  is  AgNOa.  What  is  the  per  cent, 
of  silver  contained  in  the  compound?  Thus  using  the  atomic 
weights : 

Weight  of  compound  :  weight  of  element  :  :  100  :  X 

170  :  108  :  :  100  :  X 

X  =  63.5  % 

In  the  same  way  the  percentage  of  each  constituent  may  be  found. 
Should  it  be  required  to  find  the  weight  of  silver  in  a  certain  known 
weight  of  the  compound,  it  is  only  necessary  to  multiply  the  known 
weight  by  the  percentage  found  as  above.  This  applies  to  any  chemi- 
cal compound  the  formula  of  which  is  known.  In  the  same  way 
»the  percentage  of  any  chemical  compound  which  forms  part  of  another 
compound  may  be  found.  Thus  should  it  be  required  to  find  the 
percentage  of  CaO  in  CaCO3  the  same  rule  is  followed,  using  the 
weight  of  the  compound  CaO  in  the  second  term  of  the  proportion 
as  shown  above. 

Calculations  for  making  up  and  using  standard  solutions:  Let  it  be 
required  to  make  a  solution  of  sodium  bromide  for  precipitating  silver 
of  such  strength  that  i  cc.  will  exactly  precipitate  o.oi  gram  of  silver. 

From  the  equation, 

AgNO3  +  NaBr  =  AgBr  +  NaNO3 

it  is  evident  that  i  atom  of  Br  precipitates  i  atom  of  Ag.  Hence 
follows  the  proportion, 

108  :  103  :  :  o.oi  :  X 

X  =      0.009537 

This  follows  from  the  proportion  of  the  atomic  weights  of  silver  and 
sodium  bromide.  X  in  this  case  is  the  amount  of  NaBr  to  be  added 
to  each  cc.  of  the  standard  solution  to  be  made.  Therefore  if  1000 
cc.  or  i  liter  of  the  solution  is  to  be  made  up,  it  will  require  1000 
times  X  or  9.537  grams  NaBr. 

A  similar  calculation  is  used  in  making  up  the  solution  of  silver 
nitrate  with  which  to  titrate  the  cyanide  solutions.  Here  the  ultimate 
reaction  may  be  expressed  as  follows: 


32  CYANIDE    DATA 

AgNO3  +  2  KCN  -  KAg(CN)a  +  KNO3 

Here  we  wish  to  make  our  standard  solution  of  such  strength  that 
the  silver  contained  in  i  cc.  will  be  exactly  dissolved  in  a  KCN  solu- 
tion, 10  cc.  of  which  will  represent  .1  %  KCN.  Therefore  first  we 
must  find  out  what  weight  of  KCN  is  contained  in  10  cc.  of  .1  %. 
This  is  readily  seen  to  be  .01  gram  KCN.  One  atom  of  silver  nitrate 
requires  two  atoms  of  potassium  cyanide,  according  to  the  reaction 
expressed  in  the  equation.  Using  the  atomic  weights  of  the  two 
compounds,  we  have 

2  KCN  :  AgNO3 

130        :  170  :  :  .01  :  X 
X     =      .01307 

which  is  the  amount  of  silver  nitrate  to  be  added  to  each  cc.  of  water 
to  make  the  standard  solution,  or  if  1000  cc.  are  to  be  made,  13.07 
grams  are  to  be  used. 

These  calculations  are  about  the  only  ones  which  will  be  required 
in  cyaniding  work,  or  will  serve  as  a  type  for  similar  calculations 
which  may  be  required.  To  those  interested  in  further  investigation 
of  the  subject,  it  may  be  said  that  any  standard  work  on  quantitative 
analysis  will  give  further  details  along  this  line. 

Preliminary  Experiments  on  Ores 

IN  order  to  determine  the  most  efficient  methods  of  procedure 
in  treating  by  cyanide  solutions,  it  is  most  important  that  preliminary 
experiments  be  made  upon  the  ore  in  question.  All  possible  methods 
should  be  tried  in  every  possible  way,  as  it  is  only  by  careful  and 
repeated  tests  that  conclusions  valuable  in  after  practical  work 
can  be  derived. 

Possibly  the  most  important  factor  in  testing  work  is  the  selection 
of  the  sample  upon  which  the  experiments  are  made.  It  is  abso- 
lutely necessary  that  this  sample  should  represent  not  only  the  grade 
of  ore  which  will  be  at  hand  in  the  completed  plant,  but  it  must  also 
represent  all  the  other  conditions  which  will  be  met  with  in  practice. 
Its  chemical  constituents  should  represent  an  average  of  the  ore  to 
be  treated.  It  should  have  neither  more  nor  less  of  the  elements 
which  tend  to  impede  solution  and  those  which  tend  to  assist  the  opera- 
tion. In  short,  unless  the  sample  typifies  what  may  be  expected  in 
working  practice,  the  experiments  are  useless,  or  worse  than  useless, 
misleading.  Examples  are  not  lacking  of  plants  built  under  a  mis- 
apprehension as  to  the  class  of  ore  available  and  having  to  be  entirely 
rebuilt  or  changed  at  a  great  expense  when  practical  work  is  begun. 
Therefore  it  behooves  the  experimenter  to  use  every  possible  means 
to  assure  himself  that  the  sample  upon  which  he  makes  his  tests  is 
really  a  true  sample  in  every  sense  of  the  word. 

The  method  of  taking  the  sample  depends  entirely  upon  the  source 
from  which  it  comes.  If  one  is  dealing  with  a  proposition  which  is 
milling  ore  and  concentrating  or  amalgamating,  it  is  then  a  simple 
matter  to  procure  an  even  sample  of  the  material  to  be  experimented 
upon  by  sampling  the  tailings  over  a  period  of  from  one  week  to  three 
months,  taking  the  samples  at  regular  intervals.  In  this  case  it  is 


PRECIPITATION  33 

hardly  possible  to  go  astray  on  the  work,  providing  the  mill  is  treating 
ore  of  grade  and  character  which  is  expected  to  continue.  Where 
there  is  no  mill  and  samples  have  to  be  taken  directly  from  the  mine, 
it  is  well  to  extract  a  portion  of  ore  from  each  part  of  the  mine  and 
experiment  upon  each  section  separately,  except  where  the  ore  in 
the  mine  is  fairly  regular,  when  the  samples  from  different  parts  of 
the  mine  can  be  put  together  and  thoroughly  mixed.  The  larger 
the  sample,  the  better  and  more  representative  the  resultant  sample 
will  be.  The  thoroughly  mixed  sample,  which  should  contain  from 
five  to  one  hundred  tons,  according  to  the  size  of  the  mine  and  the 
consequent  magnitude  of  the  plant,  should  be  reduced  to  an  even 
size  of  rock,  breaking  up  all  large  boulders  or  rocks.  The  pile  should 
then  be  mixed  again  and  reduced,  either  by  taking  out  one  shovel 
in  every  five,  or  better,  by  cutting  the  pile  in  quarters  and  rejecting 
half  of  the  sample,  opposite  quarters,  at  the  first  reduction.  The 
sample  should  then  be  further  reduced  in  size  and  the  quartering 
process  resorted  to  again.  At  this  rate,  when  the  sample  is  reduced 
to  about  half  a  ton,  the  size  of  the  largest  piece  should  not  be  over 
\"y  or  such  size  as  will  pass  through  a  half-inch  ring.  When  the 
sample  is  reduced  to  a  quarter  ton  the  whole  should  be  so  crushed  to 
pass  through  a  screen  having  openings  \"  square.  At  this  point 
the  sample  can  be  thoroughly  mixed  again  by  shoveling  over  several 
times  and  the  sample  for  test  can  be  extracted.  In  cases  where  the 
plant  in  view  is  to  be  large  and  important,  it  is  well  to  install  sufficient 
sampling  machinery  so  that  a  large  tonnage  may  be  crushed,  thus 
securing  a  sample  well  representative  of  all  the  possibilities  to  be 
met  with.  It  is  a  wise  policy  to  erect  a  small  mill  so  that  experi- 
ments may  reproduce,  as  far  as  possible,  results  obtained  in  actual 
practice.  It  is  true  that  laboratory  results  are  fairly  representative 
of  results  which  may  be  obtained  on  a  large  scale,  probably  more  so 
in  the  cyanide  process  than  in  any  other  mode  of  reduction,  but  the 
character  of  the  sample  is  the  one  point  where  large  quantity  makes 
for  accuracy. 

If  it  is  desired  to  construct  a  plant  in  which  the  sand  and  slime  is 
to  be  treated  separately,  the  sample  should  be  so  crushed  as  to  give 
a  part  of  it  in  slime  and  a  part  in  sand.  This  is  a  very  difficult  thing 
to  do  on  a  small  scale,  and  the  only  way  to  get  a  true  idea  of  what 
crushing  will  produce  is  to  really  crush  the  ore  in  the  way  it  is  to  be 
done  in  the  future  mill,  on  a  smaller  scale,  of  course.  If  this  is  not 
possible,  it  is  well  to  crush  the  sample  on  a  bucking  board,  screening 
the  product  after  each  separate  bucking  so  that  the  percentage  of 
slime  will  not  be  abnormal,  as  it  is  likely  to  be  if  the  whole  sample  is 
bucked  over  until  the  coarsest  particles  pass  the  required  screen. 
After  bucking,  the  whole  sample  can  be  separated  into  sand  and 
slime  by  passing  it  through  a  2oo-mesh  screen,  that  part  which  passes 
through  the  screen  being  held  as  slime  and  that  which  does  not  pass 
through  the  screen  being  treated  as  sand. 

In  making  experiments  upon  the  sand,  it  is  well  to  take  out  several 
samples  of  a  weight  convenient  for  test,  sizing  each  sample  through 
a  screen  of  different  mesh  in  order  to  make  experiments  upon  each 
grade.  For  instance,  one  sample  might  be  passed  through  a  60- 


34  CYANIDE    DATA 

mesh  screen,  another  through  a  40,  another  through  a  30,  and  another 
through  a  20  mesh.  In  every  case  the  crushing  'should  be  done  with 
all  possible  care  to  ensure  all  the  product,  as  far  as  possible,  being  of 
practically  the  same  screen  grade.  Experiments  may  be  performed 
on  leaching  in  an  ordinary  bell  jar,  in  the  bottom  of  which  a  filter 
mat  may  be  arranged  by  folding  a  piece  of  jute  or  cotton  material  so 
as  to  fill  the  bottom  of  the  jar  and  not  allow  the  sand  under  treat- 
ment to  pass  through.  Before  attempting  to  add  the  cyanide  solu- 
tions, a  test  should  be  made  in  order  to  find  out  the  amount  of  lime 
necessary  in  order  to  neutralize  the  acid  tendencies  of  the  ore.  This 
may  be  done  by  adding  to  the  weighed  ores  in  a  bottle  an  equal  weight 
of  water  in  which  is  dissolved  a  known  weight  of  lime.  Several 
bottles  may  be  prepared  each  containing  a  different  quantity  of  lime. 
These  bottles  are  shaken  up  for  several  hours  and  allowed  to  stand 
for  several  hours  more.  At  the  end  of  this  time  they  may  be  tested 
for  the  amount  of  lime  still  remaining  in  the  solution.  Testing  all 
the  bottles  thus,  an  idea  of  the  amount  of  CaO  consumed  by  the  ore 
is  readily  ascertained.  An  amount  slightly  in  excess  of  this  should 
be  added  to  the  sands  under  test.  The  excess  must  not  be  too  great, 
or  it  will  have  a  deterrent  effect  upon  the  extraction  of  gold.  The 
solutions  should  not  show  over  0.3  Ib.  per  ton  of  solution,  after  the 
ore  has  consumed  all  it  will. 

The  dry  lime  is  mixed  with  the  sand  before  treatment  in  the  pro- 
portion found  necessary,  and  treatment  is  then  instituted.  Each 
sample  for  the  leaching  test  should  be  treated  with  solution  of  differ- 
ent strengths  in  order  to  find  out  which  is  the  best  adapted  for  the 
extraction.  Solution  should  be  used  eventually  which  is  no  stronger 
than  that  absolutely  necessary  for  best  results.  It  makes  a  difference 
whether  the  ore  contains  silver  enough  to  make  it  commercially 
important,  or  whether  it  is  a  straight  gold  ore.  In  the  latter  case 
solution  containing  .05  to  .1%  KCN  will  probably  be  strong  enough 
and  from  two  to  ten  days'  treatment  will  be  required,  depending 
upon  the  value  of  the  ore.  When  silver  is  treated,  solution  of  .6 
to  i.  %  KCN  will  be  required  and  the  time  will  probably  be  length- 
ened to  from  six  to  twenty  days,  depending  upon  the  grade  of  the  ore 
and  the  combinations  in  which  the  silver  exists.  All  strengths  of 
solution  should  be  experimented  with  and  all  times  between  reason- 
able limits.  The  first  few  tests  will  generally  show  the  limits  between 
which  good  results  can  be  obtained.  After  having  obtained  good 
results  the  same  experiment  under  same  conditions  should  be  repeated 
again  and  again  in  order  to  absolutely  verify  results. 

In  adding  the  solution  to  sands,  the  first  wash  should  be  of  strong 
solution  enough  to  completely  cover  the  charge  when  it  is  thoroughly 
saturated.  This  solution  should  be  allowed  to  stand  for  some  time, 
having  the  tube  leading  from  the  bottom  of  the  bell  jar,  under  the 
filter  mat,  closed  so  that  no  solution  can  escape.  The  solution  should 
be  allowed  to  stand  thus  for  from  four  to  six  hours.  The  tube  should 
then  be  opened  slightly  and  the  solution  allowed  to  run  off  slowly, 
so  that  it  will  take  about  ten  hours  to  run  off,  leaving  the  charge  with- 
out any  solution  which  will  run  off  of  its  own  accord.  The  charge  is 
then  allowed  to  stand  in  this  condition  for  from  four  to  six  hours 


PRECIPITATION  35 

in  order  to  assist  aeration,  when  another  wash  of  solution  should 
be  applied.  At  this  point  it  is  well  to  mention  that  better  results 
are  obtained  in  practice  in  the  large  tank  than  can  possibly  be  attained 
in  the  laboratory,  for  the  reason  that  the  receding  solution  in  the  tank 
draws  after  it  a  volume  of  air  which  materially  assists  the  next  bath 
to  dissolve  further  values.  The  solution  draining  off  from  the  charge 
should  be  tested  for  KCN  and  lime  and  charges  of  strong  solution 
should  be  added  until  the  teachings  show  practically  the  same  strength 
as  the  applied  solution,  showing  that  no  further  cyanide  consuming 
effect  is  to  be  expected  from  the  ore.  Then  weaker  solution  should 
be  added,  gradually  diminishing  in  strength  until  the  final  wash  or 
two  is  clear  water  in  order  to  wash  out  all  dissolved  values.  The 
charge  should  then  be  taken  out  of  the  jar,  dried  carefully  and  as- 
sayed. The  teachings  from  each  test  should  also  be  collected  and 
assayed  as  a  check  against  the  tailing  assay.  In  this  way,  by  dint  of 
many  careful  experiments  under  different  conditions,  a  very  good 
idea  of  what  may  be  expected  in  practice  may  be  determined. 

In  making  the  experiments  upon  the  slimes,  the  amount  of  lime 
necessary  is  determined  in  the  same  way.  The  solutions  required  in 
treating  slimes  will  be  found  to  be  less  than  those  required  in  sand, 
in  per  cent.  KCN,  and  the  time  required  will  be  also  less,  due  to 
the  very  fine  division  of  the  particles  of  the  ore.  As  slime  cannot 
be  leached,  agitation  must  be  resorted  to.  A  simple  way  to  make 
agitation  tests  is  to  place  the  slime  with  its  solution,  after  having 
added  the  necessary  lime,  in  a  large  bottle  and  agitate  the  bottle  by 
fastening  it  to  some  moving  piece  of  machinery,  such  as  a  slowly 
revolving  wheel  or  a  Wilfley  concentrator,  or  any  moving  piece  in 
which  the  speed  is  not  so  great  that  the  charge  will  be  held  in  one 
place  by  centrifugal  force.  The  amount  of  solution  necessary  for  a 
given  amount  of  ore  varies  from  3  to  i,  to  5  to  i.  Experiments 
should  be  made  with  all  proportions  of  solution  of  all  possible 
strengths  and  with  different  times  of  treatment.  In  treating  slimes 
it  is  well  to  treat  with  several  washes  of  solution.  After  the  treat- 
ment of  the  first  twenty-four  hours  the  solution  is  tested,  the  bottle 
allowed  to  rest  until  the  slime  has  settled  and  the  supernatant  solu- 
tion is  clear.  This  is  then  decanted  off  and  a  fresh  bath  of  solu- 
tion added.  The  second  bath  may  be  decanted  off  after  twelve 
hours  of  treatment  and  a  third  wash  added,  to  be  later  decanted 
again.  The  number  of  baths,  like  the  strength  of  solution,  depends 
upon  the  character  of  the  ore,  and  its  value,  and  is  only  deter- 
mined by  repeated  experiment.  In  agitating  the  bottle  containing 
the  charge,  the  machine  which  operates  it  should  be  stopped  from 
time  to  time  and  the  cork  removed  in  order  that  fresh  air  may 
be  available.  In  treating  both  sand  and  slime  it  is  important  that 
the  solutions  be  at  all  times  carefully  titrated  for  strength  KCN  and 
a  calculation  made  to  determine  the  total  consumption  of  cyanide 
per  ton  of  ore  treated.  This  is  an  important  point  and  has  large 
effect  upon  the  total  cost  of  treatment. 

The  results  from  the  different  methods  should  be  all  tabulated  and 
compared,  checking  in  each  case  by  assaying  the  total  solution  re- 
sulting from  the  treatment. 


36  CYANIDE    DATA 

In  cases  where  the  treatment  is  to  be  made  on  slime  alone,  grinding 
the  whole  ore  to  the  point  where  it  can  all  be  treated  by  agitation,  it 
is  only  necessary  to  crush  the  original  sample  all  to  a  slime  and  proceed 
with  treatment  as  with  the  slimes  above.  It  is  always  well  to  repeat 
the  experiments  on  a  slightly  larger  scale  where  it  is  possible.  To 
this  end  leaching  tanks  can  be  made  for  treating  sands  by  cutting  a 
barrel  in  half  and  putting  a  filter  mat  in  the  bottom  of  the  half.  A 
pipe  is  fitted  in  the  bottom  of  the  barrel  under  the  filter  mat,  with  a 
valve  by  means  of  which  the  leaching  can  be  controlled.  A  small 
zinc  box  can  be  also  made  if  it  is  desired  to  experiment  with  the  pre- 
cipitation, and  the  teachings  from  the  sands  run  through  the  box. 
With  slimes  a  half  barrel  can  also  be  used  and  agitation  can  be  ac- 
complished by  a  mechanical  stirrer  or  by  means  of  air  jets  placed  in 
the  barrel.  A  Pachuca  tank  on  a  small  scale  can  be  very  readily 
made  of  sheet  metal,  very  light  metal  will  do,  and  a  tank  18"  in  diame- 
ter and  48"  deep  will  give  very  good  results. 

Only  by  very  careful  and  conscientious  work  can  dependable 
results  be  obtained.  In  order  that  results  should  be  of  value  no  pains 
should  be  spared  to  be  exact  in  every  operation  and  to  reproduce 
to  the  finest  possible  point  conditions  which  will  obtain  in  actual 
practice.  In  very  large  operations  it  is  an  extremely  wise  plan  to 
build  first  a  small  plant  in  which  actual  working  operations  are  dupli- 
cated. This  plant  may  later  become  a  part  or  unit  in  the  larger  in- 
stallation, or  even  if  it  has  to  be  discarded  entirely,  it  is  money  well 
spent  in  order  to  be  absolutely  sure  of  results. 

Trouble 

IN  the  regular  work  of  cyaniding,  there  are  liable  to  occur  times 
when  things  go  wrong  and  it  seems  almost  impossible  to  account 
for  the  causes  of  the  trouble.  In  such  cases  it  is  a  matter  of  careful 
study  and  close  application  to  discover  the  causes  which  lead  to  bad 
results  and,  once  found,  it  is  comparatively  a  simple  matter  to  remove 
the  cause  of  the  difficulty.  It  is  a  good  thing  to  know  some  of  the 
things  which  may  happen  and  which  have  happened,  and  thus  have 
a  few  hints  upon  which  to  base  observations  when  things  go  wrong 
on  the  plant. 

In  the  first  place  it  often  happens  that  the  slimes  will  suddenly 
refuse  to  settle  properly.  Of  course  the  first  thing  to  do  in  such  a 
case  is  to  make  sure  that  the  proper  quantity  of  lime  has  been  added 
regularly.  Operatives  may  happen  to  omit  the  regular  addition  of 
the  lime  for  a  short  time  and  the  results  will  certainly  be  evident  on 
the  plant  very  quickly.  Usually  this  omission  will  be  accompanied 
by  an  abnormal  consumption  of  cyanide,  due  to  not  having  the 
required  protective  alkalinity  in  the  solutions.  It  is  necessary  in 
these  cases  to  be  sure  the  lime  is  being  added  regularly.  Another 
cause  which  may  bring  about  the  same  result  is  the  use  of  faulty 
lime.  Cases  have  occurred  where  lime  has  contained  large  quanti- 
ties of  reducing  agents,  while  the  percentage  of  CaO  has  remained 
about  normal.  Sometimes  the  amount  of  reducing  agents  may 
be  so  large  that  it  may  render  inoperative  any  alkalinity  due  to  the 
lime  content.  A  lime  may  be  very  easily  tested  for  this  condition 


PRECIPITATION 


37 


by  making  up  a  solution  of  cyanide  in  clear  water,  testing  it,  and  then 
adding  a  small  quantity  of  the  lime  in  question.  This  is  agitated 
for  a  few  minutes,  filtered  off  and  the  solution  tested  again.  Any 
drop  in  the  percentage  of  cyanide  in  the  solution  is  then  clearly  due 
to  the  action  of  the  lime.  This  condition  must  be  at  once  looked 
after  and  the  lime  discarded. 

Other  substances  than  lime  have  the  same  coagulating  effect  upon 
slimes  and  may  be  used  to  electrolyze  them.  Of  course  any  of  these 
materials  must  be  used  with  judgment  as  there  are  certain  cases  in 
which  certain  ones  may  not  be  safely  used.  Careful  experiment 
will,  however,  lead  to  a  correct  knowledge  of  their  effects.  Julian 
and  Smart  (Cyaniding  Gold  and  Silver  Ores)  give  the  following 
table  of  the  relative  efficiencies  of  different  chemicals  : 


Substance. 

Quantity  required  by  weight  to 
produce  equal  effect,  or 
relative  efficiency. 

Aluminum  sulphate 

100 

Alum  (Potash)             

14? 

Ferric  Iron 

221 

Alum  (Ammonium)  

2Z2 

(Am   Chrom   Iron  ) 

2Q? 

Lime  

6^4. 

Magnesia                             

748 

Alum  (Pot.  Chrom.)  

(K8. 

Calcium  chloride                  

I  OQZ 

"        carbonate  

I  215. 

sulphate            

2  870. 

IVIagnesium  sulphate 

3j.6o 

Sodium  chloride     

At:  ooo 

sulphate 

6  1  700 

In  cases  where  the  lime  is  good  and  the  addition  to  the  solution 
found  to  be  regular,  it  may  be  that  the  ore  contains  reducing  agents 
which  the  lime  cannot  eliminate.  In  this  case  it  may  be  easily  proved 
by  taking  a  small  portion  of  the  solution  from  the  pulp  under  examina- 
tion and  acidifying  it  with  a  few  drops  of  sulphuric  acid  and  then 
addinjg  a  few  drops  of  potassium  permanganate  solution  from  a 
burette.  Should  there  be  no  reducing  agents  present  the  solution 
under  test  will  assume  the  characteristic  pink  color  given  by  the 
permanganate,  and  will  hold  the  color.  Should  there  be^  reducing 
agents,  however,  the  color  will  disappear  with  the  addition  of  the 
first  drop  of  permanganate  and  a  brown  precipitate  may  result.  A 
comparison  of  the  quantity  of  permanganate  added  before  the  pink 
color  is  constant  will  give  an  idea  of  the  quantity  of  reducing  agent 
present.  Reducing  agents  may  be  eliminated  by  oxidation  of  the 
pulp.  This  is  accomplished  by  agitation  with  air  or  with  chemical 
oxidizing  agents.  Probably  the  most  efficient  and  prompt  chemical 
agent  is  bleaching  powder,  or  calcium  hypochlorite,  Ca(OCl)2.  A 


38  CYANIDE    DATA 

small  quantity  of  this  agent  added  to  the  pulp  will  usually  be  sufficient 
to  thoroughly  oxidize  any  reducing  agents  present. 

In  treating  accumulated  tailings,  trouble  has  been  encountered 
due  to  small  particles  of  charcoal  or  partly  decomposed  organic 
matter.  The  former  is  common  in  Mexico  where  charcoal  is  the 
universal  fuel.  Charcoal  is  an  active  precipitant  and  a  very  poor 
extraction  will  be  the  result  where  there  is  an  appreciable  quantity  of 
this  matter  in  the  ore  or  tailing.  It  should  be  carefully  screened  out 
before  attempting  treatment.  Organic  matter  is  an  active  cyanicide 
and  should  be  eliminated  as  far  as  possible.  Screening  will  take 
out  the  greater  part  of  the  organic  matter  which  is  not  completely 
decomposed,  the  remainder  should  then  be  carefully  neutralized  by 
the  use  of  chemical.  Lime  is  generally  used  for  the  purpose,  but 
bleaching  powder  may  be  used  with  good  effect  to  oxidize  the  acids 
formed  and  render  them  innocuous. 

The  use  of  lime  in  the  cyanide  plant  is  one  of  the  causes  of  some 
poor  results,  the  cause  for  which  baffles  the  mill  man.  Lime  is  often 
used  in  a  most  haphazard  way,  without  rhyme  or  reason,  and  it  is 
the  cause  of  as  much  trouble  as  it  is  good.  The  most  economical 
way  to  use  the  lime  is  to  make  it  up  by  slaking  in  a  small  quantity 
in  warm  water  and  feeding  the  resulting  lime  water  to  the  solution 
requiring  it.  Lime  slaked  carefully  in  this  way  will  give  20  % 
more  soluble  CaO  than  when  the  dry  lump,  air  slaked,  is  fed 
directly  to  cold  solution.  It  is  also  more  effective.  A  small  quan- 
tity of  lime  is  usually  of  a  great  deal  more  service  than  a  large 
quantity.  An  excess  of  lime  over  that  necessary  to  settle  slimes 
is  usually  waste.  Sharwood  (Chem.  Met.  Min.  Soc.  S.  A.,  April, 
1908)  shows  that  lime  in  solution  to  a  greater  extent  than  0.3  Ib.  per 
ton  of  solution  is  decidedly  injurious  to  the  extraction  of  gold.  Lime 
should  be  used  with  care  and  judgment,  and  usually  a  series  of  experi- 
ments to  determine  its  best  mode  of  use  would  be  very  beneficial.  It 
is  even  true  that  some  slimes  settle  better  without  lime  than  with  it. 

Some  difficulty  in  treatment  may  be  found  after  a  plant  has  been 
running  a  long  time  as  a  result  of  foul  solutions.  In  such  a  case  it 
will  probably  be  found  well  to  precipitate  the  zinc  from  the  solutions 
by  some  one  of  the  methods  suggested  for  the  purpose.  Orr's  method 
is  useful  for  this  purpose.  Its  principle  is  the  precipitation  of  the 
zinc  by  means  of  the  addition  of  fused  chloride  of  zinc,  thus  throwing 
down  the  insoluble  single  cyanide  of  zinc.  This  is  allowed  to  settle, 
the  supernatant  solution  drawn  off  and  allowed  to  waste  if  necessary 
as  it  contains  no  cyanide.  The  precipitate  is  then  dissolved  in  a 
solution  of  an  alkaline  hydrate  and  the  zinc  precipitated  from  it  as 
sulphide  by  means  of  fused  sulphide  of  Na,  K,  or  other  alkaline  metal. 
This  gives  a  clear  solution  with  regeneration  of  the  useful  cyanide  and 
gets  rid  of  the  excess  of  zinc.  The  latter  may  be  thrown  awray  or 
reduced  to  metal,  as  seems  most  economical  under  the  conditions. 

The  temperature  of  the  pulp  has  a  direct  effect  upon  results.  This 
is  due  largely  to  the  influence  of  the  viscosity  of  the  solution,  which 
decreases  as  the  temperature  increases.  In  the  case  of  slimes  it 
is  true  that  the  greater  the  proportion  of  solution  to  the  weight  of 
dry  slime  treated,  the  better  will  be  the  extraction  and  general  result. 


PRECIPITATION  39 

This  is,  however,  a  rule  that  cannot  be  absolutely  applied  in  every 
case,  for  there  are  instances  where  it  is  not  true,  but  in  the  general 
run  of  ores  it  will  be  found  to  apply.  It  is,  of  course,  impossible 
to  increase  the  proportion  of  solution  used  beyond  a  certain  point 
which  will  be  found  to  be  the  economical  limit.  And  below  this 
limit  it  is  often  found  that  a  dilution  much  less  will  give  results,  due 
to  less  time  of  treatment  and  general  convenience,  which  will  be  more 
effective.  The  amount  of  dilution  had  best  be  determined  by  care- 
ful experiment.  The  point  should  be  found  where  the  viscosity  of 
the  solution  will  be  low  enough  to  allow  a  thorough  mixing  of  the 
solution  with  the  ores,  so  that  a  particle  of  cyanide  may  come  in 
contact  with  and  act  upon  every  particle  of  metal  in  the  ore.  A 
raise  of  temperature  lowers  the  viscosity  of  the  solution  and  allows 
mixture  to  take  place  more  freely.  This  is  limited  by  economy  as 
well  as  by  the  point  of  temperature  where  the  heat  will  tend  to  decom- 
pose the  cyanide,  causing  an  expense  greater  than  the  saving  attained 
by  higher  extraction. 

In  treating  sands  by  percolation  bad  results  can  often  be  found 
due  to  imperfect  percolation.  In  order  that  leaching  results  be  good 
it  is  necessary  that  the  sand  should  be  in  a  perfectly  homogeneous 
state  so  that  solution  will  percolate  uniformly  through  the  mass.  If 
portions  are  left  which  contain  more  coarse  sand  than  other  parts, 
the  main  volume  of  the  treating  solution  will  tend  to  pass  through 
those  portions  to  the  detriment  of  the  remaining  parts  of  the  tank. 
Slimes  should  not  be  permitted  in  the  sand  tank  and  the  sands  of 
whatever  fineness  should  be  thoroughly  mixed  so  that  percolation 
will  proceed  at  a  perfectly  even  rate  throughout  the  whole  mass  in 
the  tank. 

In  some  cases  where  there  is  no  slime  plant,  it  is  desired  to  add 
as  much  slime  to  the  leaching  tank  as  possible.  In  this  case  much 
depends  upon  the  character  of  the  slime.  In  many  cases  as  much 
as  10  %  of  slime  can  be  added  to  the  leaching  tank  without  bad 
results,  provided,  however,  that  the  slime  is  thoroughly  mixed  with 
the  sand  so  that  the  density  of  the  charge  may  be  thoroughly  even 
throughout.  The  exact  quantity  of  slime  which  may  be  mixed  with 
the  sand  can  be  determined  only  by  careful  experiment,  and  after 
ascertaining  the  quantity  which  may  be  used,  the  greatest  care  must 
be  taken  to  assure  thorough  mixing. 

In  precipitating  on  zinc  shavings  the  strength  of  the  solutions 
precipitated  have  a  good  deal  to  do  with  the  efficiency.  Strong 
solutions  give  uniformly  good  results.  Very  weak  solutions  do  not 
give  such  good  results  and  are  apt  to  be  erratic.  The  minimum 
strength  of  solution  which  can  be  depended  upon  to  give  good  extrac- 
tion cannot  be  stated  with  any  degree  of  definity,  as  other  circum- 
stances seem  to  have  effects  upon  it.  However,  Yates  (Jour.  Chem. 
&  Met.  S.  A.,  Vol.  i,  p.  257)  gives  a  minimum  of  0.008%  KCN, 
below  which  uniformly  good  precipitation  cannot  be  expected.  The 
amount  of  zinc  shavings  necessary  for  correct  precipitation  varies 
from  \  to  i\  tons  of  solution  per  24  hours  for  every  cubic  foot  of 
zinc  shaving.  The  richer  the  solution  is  in  metal,  the  less  zinc  will 
be  consumed  per  unit  of  metal  recovered. 


40  CYANIDE    DATA 

In  cases  where  there  is  much  copper  in  the  solution  precipitation  on 
zinc  will  be  bad.  Copper  is  likely  to  precipitate  in  a  solid,  firm 
coating  on  the  zinc,  which  prevents  further  action.  In  such  cases 
the  remedy  is  to  use  the  electrical  precipitation  process,  either  wholly 
or  in  part.  Should  the  latter  mode  be  preferred,  the  first  compart- 
ments may  be  precipitated  by  electricity  and  the  remainder  by  zinc. 
This  process  will  be  effective  in  removing  all  the  objectional  elements 
from  the  solution  at  once. 

The  use  of  lead  acetate  in  treating  silver  ores  has  the  effect  of 
increasing  the  efficiency  of  precipitation,  but  also  increases  the  con- 
sumption of  zinc.  The  acetate  should  not  be  used  beyond  the  actual 
amount  necessary  for  proper  extraction. 

In  melting  precipitate  from  the  zinc  boxes  it  is  well  to  be  perfectly 
sure  in  the  first  place  that  the  flux  used  is  that  best  suited  to  the 
securing  of  good  results.  A  few  sample  charges  mixed  up  on  a  small 
scale  and  melted  in  the  assay  furnace  will  settle  that  question  at  once. 
The  flux  should  be  such  that  it  will  allow  the  mass  to  melt  readily 
and  promptly  and  give  a  good  liquid  slag  free  from  shots  of  bullion. 
A  great  deal  depends  upon  the  furnace  in  which  the  melting  takes 
place.  It  should  not  be  too  large,  for  a  large  fire  requires  frequent 
replenishing  with  fuel  and  with  each  addition  the  heat  is  appreciably 
lowered.  The  fuel  should  be  added  in  small  quantities  frequently 
rather  than  large  quantities  at  long  intervals.  In  this  way  the  heat 
is  preserved  without  great  drops  in  temperature.  Before  pouring 
a  crucible,  whether  it  contains  the  slag  meltings  of  bullion  only,  or 
bullion  for  bars,  care  should  be  taken  that  the  heat  is  amply  sufficient 
to  maintain  the  contents  of  the  crucible  in  a  perfectly  liquid  state  for 
the  time  necessary  to  pour  the  contents  into  the  molds.  Bullion 
which  is  poured  too  cold  is  sure  to  make  an  ugly  looking  bar  and 
the  assay  at  different  points  will  differ  widely.  A  properly  poured 
bar  will  be  perfectly  mixed  and  will  have  practically  the  same  value 
at  whatever  point  a  sample  may  be  taken. 

The  slag  from  the  meltings  should  be  saved  and  when  sufficient 
has  been  accumulated  should  be  ground  fine  in  the  mill  or  other 
grinding  machine,  concentrated  and  remelted.  The  concentrates 
will  have  to  have  a  special  flux  while  the  tailings  can  be  either  treated 
at  the  plant  or  shipped  to  the  smelter.  After  grinding  the  slag,  a 
large  portion  of  metal  shot  and  pieces  from  the  crucibles  will  be  found 
in  the  mortar  of  the  mill  in  which  the  grinding  has  been  done.  This 
should  be  carefully  fluxed  and  melted  also.  The  crucibles  in  which 
the  melting  has  been  done  should  be  saved  and  ground  up  with  the 
slag  after  they  have  worn  out.  Experience  has  shown  that  the 
crucibles  are  likely  to  have  buttons  of  metal  all  through  them.  The 
only  way  to  fully  recover  this  material  is  to  grind  the  crucibles  and 
concentrate  and  melt  the  material  with  the  slag. 

Data 

ALTHOUGH  the  standard  works  on  chemistry  and  assaying  include 
many  methods  for  assaying  cyanide  solutions,  it  is  well  to  have  at 
hand  a  method  which  is  reliable  and  which  may  be  referred  to  at 


PRECIPITATION  41 

any  time.  The  following  procedure  is  reliable  and  seems  to  be  prompt 
and  simple.  It  was  published  in  the  Mining  and  Scientific  Press, 
June  8,  1907,  and  is  an  adaptation  of  the  method  of  Alfred  Chiddey. 

Take  292  cc.  (10  assay  tons)  of  solution  to  be  assayed  in  a  large 
beaker;  add  5  grams  zinc  shavings  and  40  cc.  of  a  20  %  solution  of 
ordinary  commercial  lead  acetate.  Bring  to  a  boil  and  place  in  a 
fume  closet  or  an  open  window  and  add  400  cc.  commercial  HC1. 
When  action  nearly  ceases,  boil  again.  Pour  off  the  waste  solution 
and  squeeze  the  wad  of  spongy  lead  into  a  cube,  place  it  between 
filter  papers  and  squeeze  it  dry  by  standing  on  it.  By  folding  the 
cubes  of  lead  in  pieces  of  lead  foil  the  weight  can  be  increased  to 
about  10  grams  each,  giving  better  cupellation  and  preventing  any 
pieces  of  lead  from  being  detached  from  the  main  bulk,  if  any  moisture 
happens  to  be  left  in  the  cubes.  It  has  been  found  that  solutions 
obtained  in  treating  pan  amalgamation  tailings  containing  mercury 
sometimes  cause  the  lead  to  become  too  brittle  to  wad  together  nicely 
in  a  cube,  and  this  has  been  overcome  by  using  less  solution  and  more 
lead  acetate. 

In  cases  of  accidental  cyanide  poisoning,  a  remedy  has  been  de- 
vised and  published  in  the  Queensland  Government  Mining  Journal. 
The  remedy  is  as  follows: 

One  ounce  of  23  %  solution  of  ferrous  sulphate,  i  ounce  of  5  %  solu- 
tion of  caustic  potash,  30  grains  of  powdered  magnesium  oxide. 
These  ingredients  are  to  be  kept  separately  in  sealed  tubes  which 
may  be  broken  and  the  contents  mixed  at  any  time  they  may  be 
needed.  It  is  believed  that  this  mixture  will  prove  an  effective  anti- 
dote if  administered  at  once,  but  a  very  few  minutes'  delay  may  prove 
fatal. 

The  specific  gravity  of  a  ground  ore,  whether  sand,  slime,  or  con- 
centrate, may  be  determined  with  a  fair  degree  of  accuracy  by  the  use 
of  the  following  formula: 

W 
Sp-  Gr'  -  (W  +  A)-K 

where  W  is  the  weight  of  pulp  taken. 

A  is  the  weight  of  the  bottle  filled  with  distilled  water. 
K  is  the  weight  of  the  bottle  and  pulp  with  water  filled  to 
graduation. 

This  is  performed  with  a  standard  graduated  flask  or  bottle  of  any 
convenient  capacity.  The  bottle  is  weighed  first  with  water  filled 
up  to  the  mark  of  its  graduated  capacity.  The  sample  of  weighed 
pulp  is  filled  into  this  bottb  when  empty,  the  bottle  filled  up  to  the 
graduation  mark  with  distilled  water  and  the  whole  weighed  again, 
thus  giving  the  date  required  in  the  formula. 

New  concrete  may  be  made  to  take  a  coat  of  oil  paint  by  first 
treating  it  with  a  20  %  solution  of  ammonium  carbonate,  applied 
with  a  brush  or  sprayed.  The  resulting  carbonate  of  lime  formed 
will  dry  hard  in  a  short  time,  and  not  being  hygroscopic,  paint  may 
be  safely  applied  to  the  surface.  This  information  is  of  use  in  pre- 


42  CYANIDE    DATA 

paring  concrete  foundations  or  floors  where  it  may  be  considered 
advisable  to  apply  a  coat  of  paint. 

Centrifugal  force  may  be  calculated  as  follows:  Multiply  the 
square  of  the  number  of  revolutions  per  minute  by  the  diameter 
of  the  circle  in  feet  and  divide  the  product  by  5217.  This  is  the  cen- 
trifugal force  when  the  weight  of  the  body  is  i.  This  figure  mul- 
tiplied by  the  weight  of  the  body  is  the  centrifugal  force  required. 

The  weight  of  i  cubic  foot  of  gas  at  any  given  temperature  and 
pressure  is  found  by  first  calculating  the  weight  of  one  cubic  foot 
of  dry  air  at  the  same  temperature  and  pressure,  and  then  multiply- 
ing this  weight  by  the  specific  gravity  of  the  gas  referred  to  air  as  a 
standard. 

For  calculating  the  weight  of  one  cubic  foot  of  air  at  any  pressure 
and  temperature, 

let  W  equal  the  weight  required 

B      "         "    barometric  pressure  in  inches 
t  temperature  in  degrees  Fahrenheit. 

Then: 

w  •  ^S  X  B 
495' 

Table,  page  52,  shows  the  specific  gravity  of  some  gases  referred  to 
air  as  a  standard. 

To  find  the  diameter  of  a  pump  cylinder  to  move  a  given  quantity  of 
water  per  minute  (100  feet  of  piston  being  the  speed) ,  divide  the  num- 
ber of  gallons  by  4,  extract  the  square  root,  and  the  result  will  be  the 
diameter  of  the  pump  cylinder  in  inches. 

For  calculating  the  data  referring  to  driving  pulleys:  To  find 
the  speed  when  the  diameter  of  the  driven  is  given,  multiply  the  diam- 
ter  of  the  driver  by  its  revolution  per  minute  and  divide  the  product 
by  the  diameter  of  the  driven. 

The  diameter  and  revolutions  of  the  driver  being  given,  to  find  the 
diameter  of  the  driven  to  make  a  given  number  of  revolutions,  multiply 
the  diameter  of  the  driver  by  its  revolutions  and  divide  the  product  by 
the  number  of  revolutions  which  the  driven  is  to  run. 

To  ascertain  the  size  of  the  driver,  multiply  the  diameter  of  the 
driven  by  its  number  of  revolutions  and  divide  the  product  by  the 
revolutions  of  the  driver.  The  result  is  the  diameter  of  the  driver. 

Fluxes  for  soldering  or  welding: 

Iron  or  Steel Borax  or  Sal  Ammoniac 

Tinned  Iron Resin  or  Chloride  of  Zinc 

Copper  and  Brass    Sal  Ammoniac  or  Chloride  of  Zinc 

Zinc    Chloride  of  Zinc 

Lead •'. .  .Tallow  or  resin 

Lead  and  Tin  Pipes Resin  and  Sweet  Oil 

Nitric  acid  will  produce  a  black  spot  on  steel;  the  darker  the  spot 
the  harder  the  steel.  Iron,  on  the  contrary,  remains  bright  under 
the  acid  treatment. 


FORMULAS    IN    MENSURATION  43 

To  ascertain  the  horse-power  necessary  to  drive  elevators,  multiply 
the  number  of  pounds  lifted  per  minute  by  the  hight  of  the  elevator 
and  divide  the  product  by  33,000.  The  result  will  give  the  theoretical 
horse-power  necessary,  to  which  should  be  added  50  per  cent,  for 
friction  losses. 

A  foot-pound  is  the  work  performed  in  lifting  one  pound  one  foot 
high  in  one  minute. 

A  horse-power  equals  33,000  foot  pounds,  or  the  work  performed 
in  raising  33,000  Ibs.  one  foot  in  one  minute,  or  in  raising  i  Ib.  33,000 
feet  per  minute. 

To  find  the  weight  of  rail  required  for  one  mile  of  track,  divide  the 
weight  of  the  rail  per  yard  by  7  and  multiply  by  n.  Thus  for  56 
Ib.  rail,  ^V6"  =  8,  8  X  n  =  88  tons  for  one  mile  of  single  track. 

Assay  ton  is  the  name  given  to  a  weight  of  29.166  grams,  which  is 
ToVo"  °f  tne  number  of  Troy  ounces  in  one  ton  of  2000  Ibs.  If  a 
sample  of  i  assay  ton  is  taken  for  assay  and  the  resultant  bead  weighed 
in  milligrams,  each  milligram  represents  i  ounce  per  ton.  Should 
it  be  required  to  weigh  the  pulp  in  grams,  the  following  principle 
will  be  found  useful.  29,166  Troy  ounces  equal  one  ton.  The  value 
of  one  ounce  pure  gold  is  $20.67.  Therefore  one  ton  gold  has  a 
value  of  $602,861.  If  100  grams  are  taken  for  assay  and  the  bead 
weighed  in  milligrams,  from  the  proportion 

i  mg. :  100,000  mg. :  :  X  :  $602,861 
then,  X  or  i  mg.  equals  $6.00  per  ton. 


FORMULAS  IN  MENSURATION 

To  find  the  area  of  a  parallelogram,  multiply  the  length  of  one  side 
by  the  perpendicular  distance  from  that  side  to  the  one  opposite. 

To  find  the  diagonal  of  a  square,  multiply  the  length  of  one  side 
by  1.41421. 

To  find  a  square  equal  to  a  given  circle,  multiply  the  diameter  of 
the  circle  by  .886227.  Result  is  side  of  required  square. 

To  find  the  area  of  a  triange,  multiply  its  base  by  one-half  the 
altitude. 

To  find  the  altitude  of  an  equila trial  triangle,  multiply  length  of 
one  side  by  .866025. 

To  find  area  of  a  triangle,  given  two  sides  and  included  angle. 
Multiply  the  two  sides  together,  multiply  product  by  the  natural 
sine  of  included  angle,  and  divide  product  by  2. 

To  find  the  area  of  an  triangle,  given  three  sides.  Add  the  three 
sides  together,  divide  the  sum  by  2.  From  this  half  sum  subtract 
each  side  separately.  Multiply  the  half  sum  and  the  three  remainders 
continuously  together.  Extract  the  square  root  of  the  product. 


44  CYANIDE    DATA 

To  find  the  three  angles  of  a  triangle,  given  its  three  sides. 

C 


Divide  the  triangle  into  two  right  triangles  by  erecting  a  per- 
pendicular from  its  base  to  the  upper  angle. 

Find  length  of  sides 
AD  and  DB  by  proportion. 
AB  :  AC  +  CB  ::  AC  -  CB  :  AD  -  DB 
thus  obtaining  the  value  of  AD  —  DB 

But  AD  +  DB  is  known  as  one  side,  so  that  the  value  of  both  AD 
and  DB  are  found. 

AD  =  (AD  ~  DB^  +  (AD  +  DB) 

2 

and  DB  =  AB  -  AD 

Then  cos  A  =  -j-^  and  cos  B  =  — 

and  angle  C  =  180°  —  (angle  A  +  angle  B). 

To  find  the  third  side  and  two  angles,  given  two  sides  and  the 
included  angle.  Divide  into  two  right  triangles.  Find  the  altitude 

CD 

CD  where  A  is  given  by  formula  Sin  A  =  — ^,,  or  similarly  for  B  if 

A  C/ 

given.     Then  find  the  third  side  by  formula 
J&  =  CD2  _|_  ALP 

Then  find  remaining  angles  as  in  preceding  formula. 

To  find  two  sides,  given  one  side  and  two  adjacent  angles.  The 
third  angle  equals  180°  —  sum  of  two  given  angles.  The  third  angle 
is  opposite  the  given  side.  Then 

Sin  angle  opposite  given  side  :  given  side  : :  sine  of  either  other  given 
angle  :  its  opposite  side. 

To  find  area  of  a  trapezoid,  multiply  the  perpendicular  height  by 
half  the  sum  of  the  two  parallel  sides. 

To  find  the  area  of  a  trapezium.  Divide  the  figure  into  two  tri- 
angles. Find  the  area  of  each  according  to  formula  already  given,  and 
add  the  two  areas  together. 

To  find  the  area  of  a  polygon  whose  sides  are  given.  Divide  into 
a  number  of  triangles  equal  to  the  number  of  sides  by  connecting 
each  angle  to  the  centre.  Find  the  area  of  each  triangle  and  add 
them  together. 

To  find  circumference  of  a  circle,  multiply  the  diameter  by  3.1416. 


FORMULAS    IN    MENSURATION  45 

To  find  the  area  of  a  circle,  multiply  the  square  of  the  diameter  by 
.7854.  Or  multiply  the  square  of  the  circumference  by  .07958. 

To  find  the  surface  of  a  cube,  multiply  the  area  of  one  side  by  6. 

To  find  the  surface  of  a  parallelepiped,  add  together  twice  the  area 
of  the  base,  twice  the  area  of  the  side,  and  twice  the  area  of  the  end. 

To  find  the  cubic  contents  of  a  cube  or  parallelepiped,  multiply 
the  area  of  the  base  by  the  perpendicular  hight. 

To  find  the  contents  of  a  prism,  multiply  the  area  of  the  base  by 
the  altitude. 

To  find  the  surface  of  a  cylinder,  multiply  the  circumference  of  the 
base  by  the  altitude. 

To  find  the  contents  of  a  cylinder,  multiply  the  area  of  the  base 
by  the  altitude. 

To  find  the  surface  of  a  pyramid,  multiply  the  perimeter  of  the  base 
by  half  the  slant  hight  and  add  the  area  of  the  base. 

To  find  the  contents  of  a  pyramid,  multiply  the  area  of  the  base 
by  one  third  the  altitude. 

The  last  two  formulas  apply  equally  to  the  cone.  In  this  case  the 
perimeter  of  the  base  is  the  same  as  the  circumference  of  the  base. 

To  find  the  convex  surface  of  a  frustum  of  a  pyramid  or  cone, 
multiply  half  the  sum  of  the  perimeters  or  circumferences  of  the  two 
bases  by  the  slant  hight.  To  find  the  entire  surface  add  to  this  the 
area  of  the  two  bases. 

To  find  the  contents  of  a  frustum,  add  together  the  sum  of  the  area 
of  the  two  bases,  and  the  square  root  of  their  product,  and  multiply 
this  result  by  one  third  the  altitude  of  the  frustum. 


CYANIDE    DATA 


COMPARISON  or  VALUE  OF  SILVER  IN  OUNCES  TROY  AND 
KILOGRAMS 


When  Silver 
is  Worth  in 
New  York 
Per  Oz. 

i  Kilo,  is 
Worth  U.  S. 
Currency 

When 
Silver  is 
Worth  in 
New  York 
Per  Oz. 

i  Kilo,  is 
Worth  U.  S. 
Currency 

When  Silver 
is  Worth  in 
New  York 
Per  Oz. 

i  Kilo,  is 
Worth  U.  S. 
Currency 

50  cts. 

$16.0750 

55}  cts. 

$I7.9237 

6if  cts. 

$19.7321 

5oi 

16.1152 

55! 

17.9639 

6lJ 

19.7723 

50* 

16.1554 

56 

18.0040 

6i| 

19.8125 

5o| 

16.1956 

56i 

18.0442 

6ij 

19.8527 

Soi 

16.2358 

56i 

18.0844 

6tf 

19.8929 

5°t 

16.2760 

56f 

18.1246 

62 

19.9330 

s°i 

16.3162 

56£ 

18.1648 

62j 

19.9732 

Sol 

16.3564 

561 

18.2050 

62j 

20.134 

Si 

16.3965 

56f 

18.2452 

62f 

20.0536 

Si* 

16.4367 

561 

18.2854 

62J 

20.0938 

sit 

16.4769 

57 

J8-3255 

62f 

20.1340 

Sif 

16.5171 

57i 

18.3657 

62f 

20.1742 

Sii 

16.5573 

57i 

18.4059 

62! 

20.2144 

Sif 

16.5975 

57f 

18.4461 

63 

20.2545 

Sif 

16.6377 

57^ 

18.4863 

63i 

20.2947 

5if 

16.6779 

57} 

18.5265 

63i 

20.3349 

52 

16.7180 

571 

18.5667 

63! 

20.3751 

5*1 

16.7582 

57i 

18.6069 

63* 

20.4153 

5^ 

16.7984 

58 

18.6470 

63! 

20.4455 

Sif 

16.8386 

58i 

18.6872 

63f 

20.4957 

523 

16.8788 

58i 

18.7274 

63i 

20-5359 

rr^ 
528 

16.9190 

58f 

18.7676 

64 

20.5760 

52| 

16.9592 

58i 

18.8078 

64* 

20.6162 

S2S 

16.9994 

58f 

18.8480 

64i 

20.6564 

53 

17-0395 

58f 

18.8882 

64f 

20.6966 

S3i 

17.0797 

58| 

18.9284 

64^ 

20.7368 

53i 

17.1199 

59 

18.9685 

64f 

20.7770 

S3l 

17.1601 

59* 

19.0087 

64f 

20.8172 

53i 

17.2003 

59i 

19.0489 

64! 

20.8574 

53s 

17.2405 

59t 

19.0891 

65 

20.8975 

53f 

17.2807 

59i 

19.1293 

65J 

20.9377 

53l 

17.3209 

59f 

19.1695 

65i 

20.9779 

54 

17.3610 

59f 

19.2097 

65f 

21.0181 

54i 

17.4012 

59! 

19.2499 

65i 

21.0583 

54i 

17.4414 

60 

19.2900 

65! 

21.0985 

54l 

17.4816 

6o| 

19.3302 

65f 

21.1387 

54i 

17.5218 

6oJ 

19.3704 

65I 

21.1789 

541 

17.5620 

6of 

19.4106 

66 

21.2190 

54f 

17.6022 

6oi 

19.4508 

66| 

21.2592 

54! 

17.6424 

6of   . 

19.4910 

66i 

21.2994 

55 

17.6825 

6of 

19-5312 

66f 

21.3396 

sst 

17.7227 

6o| 

I9.57U 

66^ 

21.3798 

ssf 

17.7629 

61 

19.6115 

66f 

21.4200 

ssl 

17.8031 

6ii 

19.6517 

66f 

21.4602 

55i 

17.8433 

6il 

19.6919 

66! 

21.5004 

ssl 

17-8835 

COMPARISON    OF    VALUE '  OF    SILVER 


47 


COMPARISON  OF  VALUE  OF  SILVER  IN  OUNCES  TROY  AND 
KILOGRAMS 


When 
Silver  is 
Worth  in 
New  York 
Per  Oz. 

i  Kilo,  is 
Worth  U.  S. 
Currency 

When 
Silver  is 
Worth  in 
New  York 
Per  Oz. 

i  Kilo,  is 
Worth  U.  S. 
Currency 

When 
Silver  is 
Worth  in 
New  York 
Per  Oz. 

i  Kilo,  is 
Worth  U.  S. 
Currency 

67  cts. 

$21.5405 

72!  cts. 

$23.3892 

82  cts. 

$26.364 

6;i 

21.5807 

72j 

23.4294 

82i 

26.444 

67! 

21.6209 

73 

23-4695 

82| 

26.524 

67! 

21.6611 

73* 

23.3097 

82i 

26.605 

67^ 

21.7013 

73i        - 

23-5499 

83 

26.685 

67! 

21.7415 

73l 

23.5901 

83i 

26.765 

67! 

21.7817 

73i 

23.6303 

83^ 

26.846 

67! 

21.8219 

731 

23.6705 

83f 

26.926 

68 

21.8620 

73f 

23.7107 

84 

27.007 

67i 

21.9022 

73J 

23-7509 

84i 

27.087 

67i 

21.9424 

74 

23.7910 

84^ 

27.167 

68f 

21.9826 

74i 

23-83I5 

84! 

27.248 

68£ 

22.0223 

74i 

23.8720 

85 

27.328 

68| 

22.0630 

74! 

23.9120 

85i 

27.408 

68f 

22.1032 

M 

23.9520 

85* 

27.489 

681 

22.1434 

74f 

23-9925 

85! 

27.569 

69 

22.1835 

Hi 

24.0330 

86 

27.650 

69i 

22.2237 

741 

24.0730 

861 

27.730 

69| 

22.2639 

75 

24.1130 

86^ 

27.810 

69f 

22.3041 

75i 

24.1930 

86f 

27.891 

69} 

22.3443 

75^ 

24.2740 

87 

27.971 

69! 

22.3845 

75i 

24.3540 

87i 

28.052 

69! 

22.4247 

76 

24-4350 

87l 

28.132 

69! 

22.4649 

76t 

24.515 

87f 

28.212 

70 

22.5050 

76^ 

24-595 

88 

28.293 

7oi 

22.5452 

76f 

24.676 

88i 

28.373 

7oi 

22.^854 

77 

24.756 

88^ 

28.453 

7of 

22.6256 

77i 

24.836 

88f 

28.533 

7o£ 

22.6658 

77i 

24.917 

89 

28.614 

7o| 

22.7060 

77f 

24.997 

89^ 

28.695 

7of 

22.7462 

78 

25.078 

89^ 

28.775 

7of 

22.7864 

78i 

25-158 

89f 

28.855 

7i 

22.8265 

78£ 

25-238 

90 

28.936 

71* 

22.8667 

78f 

25.3I9 

9oi 

29.016 

m 

22.9069 

79 

25.399 

9®} 

29.096 

7if 

22.9471 

79t 

25-479 

9of 

29.177 

74 

22.9873 

79^ 

25.560 

9i 

29.257 

7if 

23.0275 

79f 

25.640 

9ii 

29.338 

7if 

23.0677 

80 

25.721 

94 

29.418 

7if 

23.1079 

8o| 

25.801 

9if 

29.498 

72 

23.1480 

8oi 

25.881 

92 

29.579 

72i 

23.1882 

8of 

25.962 

9*4 

29.659 

7*f 

23.2248 

81 

26.042 

92i 

29.739 

72f 

23.2686 

8ii 

26.122 

92! 

29.820 

725 

23.3088 

8^ 

26.203 

72| 

23-3490 

8i-2- 

26.283 

CYANIDE    DATA 


COMPARISON  or  VALUE  OF  SILVER  IN  OUNCES  TROY  AND 
KILOGRAMS 


When 

When 

When 

Silver  is 

i  Kilo,  is 

Silver  is 

i  Kilo,  is 

Silver  is 

i  Kilo,  is 

Worth  in 

Worth  U.  S. 

Worth  in 

Worth  U.  S. 

Worth  in 

Worth  U.  S. 

New  York 

Currency 

New  York 

Currency 

New  York 

Currency 

Per  Oz. 

Per  Oz. 

Per  Oz. 

93  Cts. 

$29.900 

95i  cts. 

$30.704 

98 

31.508 

93i 

29.981 

95f 

30.784 

981 

3L588 

93* 

30.061 

96 

30.865 

98i 

31.668 

93f 

30.141 

96i 

30.945 

98f 

31-749 

94 

30.222 

96£ 

3I-025 

99 

31.829 

941 

30.302 

96! 

31.106 

99i 

31.910 

94i 

30.382 

97 

31.186 

99i 

31.990 

94t 

30-463 

97i 

31.267 

991 

32.070 

95 

30-543 

97* 

31-347 

100 

32.151 

95i 

30.624 

97f 

3I-427 

— 

AREA 

i  square  millimeter  = 

i  square  centimeter  = 

i  square  decimeter  = 

i  square  meter  or  centare  = 
i  square  decameter  = 

i  hectare  = 

i  square  kilometer 
i  square  myriameter 


.001550  sq.  in. 

.155003  sq.  in. 

15.503        sq.  in. 

10.764101  sq.  ft. 

.024711  acre. 
2.47110    acres. 
247.110        acres. 
38.61090    sq.  miles. 


VOLUME 


i  cubic  centimeter  = 

i  centiliter 

i  deciliter 

i  liter 

i  decaliter 

i  hectoliter  = 

i  kiloliter  = 


i  myrialiter 


.0610254  cu.  in. 

.610254  cu.  in. 

6.10254  cu.  in. 

61.0254  cu.  in. 

.353156  cu.  ft. 

3.53156  cu.  ft. 
35.3156 


=  353-x56          cu.  ft. 


ABBREVIATIONS  USED  IN  METRIC  SYSTEM 


milligram     =  mg.       cubic  centimeter 
centigram    =  eg.         centiliter 
deciliter 
liter 

decaliter 
hectoliter 
cubic  meter 


decigram  =  dg. 

gram  =  g. 

decagram  =  Dg. 

hectogram  =  Hg. 

kilogram  =  Kg. 

myriagram  =  Mg.       myrialiter 

Quintal  =  Q. 


:  cc.  *millimeter  =  mm. 

=  cl.  *centimeter  =  cm. 

dl.  *decimeter  =  dm. 

'  1.  *meter  =  m. 

Dl.  *decameter     =  Dm. 

HI.  *hectometer  =  Hm. 

=  cm.  *kilometer  =  Km. 

=  Me.  *myriameter  =  mm. 


*  In  measures  of  area,  these  abbreviations  take  the  prefix  "sq." 


UNITED    STATES    WEIGHTS    AND    MEASURES     49 

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES  USUAL  IN  THE 
UNITED  STATES 

TROY  WEIGHT  APOTHECARIES  WEIGHT 

24  grains  =  i  pennyweight  (dwt.)      20  grains     =  i  scruple. 

20  pennyweights  =  i  ounce  (oz.)  3  scruples  =  i  dram. 

12  ounces  =  i  pound  (Ib.)  8  drams     =  i  ounce. 

12  ounces    =  i  pound. 

AVOIRDUPOIS  WEIGHT 

27-34375  grains       =  i  dram. 
1 6  drams  =  i  ounce  (oz.) 

16  ounces  =  i  pound  (Ib.) 

28  pounds  =  i  quarter 

4  quarters  =  i  hundredweight  (cwt.) 

20  hundredweight  =  i  ton. 
i  stone  =       14  pounds, 

i  quintal  =     100  pounds 

i  short  ton  =  2000  pounds, 

i  long  ton  =  2240  pounds. 

In  Troy,  Apothecaries  and  Avoirdupois  weight,  the  grains  are  the 
same. 

LENGTH 


12  inches 

3  feet 

6  feet 
66  feet 
10  chains 


foot. 

yard. 

fathom. 

chain. 

furlong. 


8  furlongs  =  i  mile  =  5,280  feet. 

AREA 
144  square  inches  =      square  foot. 


9  square  feet       = 
30^  square  yards    = 
An  nprrhes  = 


•3H(-"*i'-  . 

perches 
4  roods 
640  acres 


square  yard, 
perch, 
rood, 
acre, 
square  mile. 


VOLUME 

1728  cubic  inches  =  i  cubic  foot. 
27  cubic  feet      =  i  cubic  yard. 

1  cord  of  wood        =128  cubic  feet  or  8X4X4  feet. 

LIQUID  DRY 

4  gills  =  i  pint.  2  pints      =  i  quart. 

2  pints           =  i  quart.  4  quarts   =  i  gallon. 
4  quarts         =  i  gallon.  2  gallons  =  i  peck. 

31^  gallons  =  i  barrel.  4  pecks     =  i  bushel. 

63  gallons  =  i  hogshead. 

2  hogsheads  =  i  pipe. 

2  pipes  =  i  tun. 


CYANIDE    DATA 


TABLE 
i  Marco 
i  Troy  ounce 
i  Troy  ounce 
i  Avoirdupois  ounce  = 
1000  Kilograms 
i  ton  avoirdupois        = 
i  pound  avoirdupois    = 
i  ton  avoirdupois        = 
i  Gram  = 


OF  EQUIVALENTS 

7.39864  troy  ounces. 
31.10348  grams. 
430.00000  grains  troy. 

28.3495    grams. 

2204.62        pounds  avoirdupois. 
907.1849    kilograms. 
453.59242  grams. 
29166.67       Troy  ounces. 
15.43236  grains  Troy. 


TO  CONVERT 

Oz.  troy  per  av.  ton 

Oz.  troy 

Oz.  troy 

Oz.  avoirdupois 

Lbs.  avoirdupois 

Metric  tons 

Kilos  per  metric  ton 

Kilograms 

Kilograms 

Grams 

Tons  avoirdupois 

Tons  metric 

Millimeters 

Centimeters 

Meters 

Meters 

Meters 

Kilometers 

Kilometers 

Square  millimeters 

Square  centimeters 

Square  meters 

Square  kilometers 

Hectara 

Cubic  centimeters 

Cubic  centimeters 

Cubic  centimeters 

Cubic  meters 

Cubic  meters 

Cubic  meters 

Liters 

Liters 

Liters 


CONVERSION  TABLE 

INTO 

Kilos  per  metric  ton 
Oz.  avoirdupois 
Kilograms 
Oz.  troy 
Kilograms 
Av.  tons  2000  Ibs. 
Oz.  troy  per  av.  ton 
Lbs.  av. 
Troy  oz. 
Troy  oz. 
Tons  metric 
Tons  avoirdupois 
Inches 
Inches 
Inches 
Feet 
Yards 
Miles 
Feet 

Sq.  inches 
Sq.  inches 
Sq.  feet 
Acres 
Acres 

Cubic  inches 
Fluid  drams 
Fluid  ounces 
Cubic  feet 
Cubic  yards 
Gallons 
Cubic  inches 
Gallons 
Fluid  ounces 


MULTIPLY  BY 

0.034286 
1.09714 
0.03110348 
0.911457 
0.45359243 
I.I023I 
29.166 
2.20462. 

32.15074 
0.032150 

.9071849 
I.OI23I 
0.03937 

0-3937 
39-37 
3.281 
1.094 
.621 
3280.7 
0.0155 

o.i55 
10.764 
247.1 

2.471 
16.383 
3-69 
29.57 
35.315 
1.308 
264.2 
61.022 

.2642 
33.84 


INTERNATIONAL    ATOMIC    WEIGHTS 


INTERNATIONAL  ATOMIC  WEIGHTS,  1910 


Symbol 

Atomic 
Weight 

Symbol 

Atomic 
Weight 

Aluminum    .  .  . 
Antimony  .... 
Argon 

Al 
Sb 
A 

27.1 
120.2 

-2Q   Q 

Molybdenum  .... 
Neodymium  
Neon 

Mo 
Nd 

Ne 

96.0 

144-3 
20.  o 

Arsenic 

As 

7/1  n6 

Nickel 

Ni 

S8.68 

Barium 

Ba 

137.37 

Nitrogen  .... 

N 

14.01 

Bismuth 

Bi 

208  o 

Osmium 

Os 

IOO.Q 

Boron 

B 

II.  O 

Oxygen  

O 

16.00 

Bromine 

Br 

7Q   Q2 

Palladium 

Pd. 

106.7 

Cadmium   .... 
Caesium 

Cd 
Cs 

112.40 
I32.8l 

Phosphorus    
Platinum    . 

P 
Pt 

31.0 

IQC.O 

Calcium  
Carbon    
Cerium    

Ca 
C 
Ce 

40.09 
12.00 
140.25 

Potassium    
Praseodymium    .  . 
Radium    

K 
Pr 
Ra 

39.10 

140.6 
226.4 

Chlorine    

Cl 

3^.46 

Rhodium    

Rh 

102.9 

Chromium 

Cr 

^2  O 

Rubidium 

Rb 

8q.4S 

Cobalt  

Co 

=58.07 

Ruthenium  

Ru 

101.7 

Columbium  .  .  . 

Cb 

93-5 

Samarium  

Sa 

150.4 

Copper    

Cu 

63.^7 

Scandium  

Sc 

44.1 

Dysprosium   .  . 

Dy 

162.5 

Selenium  

Se 

79.2 

Erbium  

Er 

167.4 

Silicon  

Si 

28.3 

Europium  . 

Eu 

I  ^.O 

Silver 

Ag 

107.88 

Fluorine    

F 

19.0 

Sodium  . 

Na 

23.00 

Gadolinium  .  .  . 

Gd 

157.3 

Strontium  

Sr 

87.62 

Gallium  

Ga 

69.9 

Sulphur 

s 

32.07 

Germanium    .  . 

Ge 

72.5 

Tantalum  

Ta 

181.0 

Glucinum   ..-•'.  . 
Gold    

Gl 
Au 

9.1 
197.2 

Tellurium  
Terbium  

Te 
Tb 

127-5 
159.2 

Helium 

He 

4  o 

Thallium 

Tl 

204.0 

Hydrogen  

H 

1.008 

Thorium  

Th 

232.42 

Indium 

In 

114  8 

Thulium 

Tm 

i68x 

Iodine    

I 

126.92 

Tin 

Sn 

119.0 

Iridium  

Ir 

103.  1 

Titanium 

Ti 

48.1 

Iron         .    . 

Fe 

^  8^ 

Tungsten 

W 

184.0 

Krypton    

Kr 

83.0 

Uranium  

u 

238.5 

Lanthanum  .  .  . 

La 

139.0 

Vanadium    .  .  . 

V 

51.2 

Lead    
Lithium  
Lutecium    .... 
Magnesium  .  .  . 

Pb 
Li 
Lu 
Mg 

207.10 
7.00 
174.0 
24.32 

Xenon  
Ytterbium 
(Neoytterbium) 
Yttrium   

Xe 

Yb 
Yt 

130.7 

172.0 
89.0 

Manganese  .  .  . 
Mercury   

Mn 
Hg 

54-93 
200.  o 

Zinc  
Zirconium 

Zn 
Zr 

65.37 
90.6 

*  A  new  element  has  been  reported  discovered  at  the  University 
of  Tokio.  It  has  been  called  nipporium,  symbol  Np,  atomic  weight 
100.  It  exists  in  the  rare  mineral  thorite,  in  which  it  occurs  as  a 
yellow  or  red  crystal  hard  enough  to  cut  glass  These  crystals  are 
a  double  silicate  of  nipporium  and  zirconium. 


CYANIDE    DATA 


SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OF  SOME  GASES 

USING   AIR   AS   STANDARD 


Name  of  Gas 

Symbol 

Sp.  Gr. 

Air 

I  OOOO 

Carbonic  acid                       

CO2 

I   ^20 

Sulphureted  hydrogen 

H  S 

I  OOI  2 

Olefiant                                                .    . 

C2H4 

o?8 

Carbonic  oxide        

CO 

.067 

Steam 

H2O 

623  s 

Marsh  gas                                    

CH4 

crn 

Oxygen  .        

o 

1.1056 

Nitrogen 

N 

O71  1 

Hydrogen                                  

H 

.06926 

CAPACITY  OF  ROUND  TANKS 


Diameter  in  Feet 
Inside 

Contents  in  Cubic  Feet 
For  Each  Foot  Depth 

Capacity  in  Lbs.  Water 
For  Each  Foot  in  Depth 

5 

I9-635 

1,227.18 

6 

28.274 

1767.12 

7 

38.485 

2495-3I 

8 

50.266 

3141.62 

9 

63.617 

3976.06 

10 

78.540 

4908.75 

12 

113.100 

7068.75 

15 

176.710 

11,044.37 

18 

254.470 

15,904.37 

20 

314.160 

19,635.00 

22 

380.130 

23,758.12 

25 

490.870 

30,679.37 

26 

530-930 

33,232.12 

28 

6I5-750 

38,484.37 

3° 

706.860 

44,178.75 

32 

804.250 

50,265.62 

34 

907.920 

57,045.00 

35 

962.110 

60,131.87 

36 

1017.880 

63,587.50 

38 

1134.110 

70,881.87 

40 

1256.640 

78,540.00 

42 

1385.440 

86,590.00 

44 

1520.530 

95,033.12 

45 

1590.430 

99,401.87 

46 

1661.900 

103,868.75 

48 

1809.560 

113,097.50 

So 

1963.500 

122,718.75 

METALS    IN    KCN    SOLUTIONS 


53 


ELECTRO-MOTIVE  SERIES  OF  METALS  AND  MINERALS  IN  KCN 

SOLUTIONS 
PROF.  S.  B.  CHRISTY,  TRANS.  AM.  INST.  MIN.  ENG.  SEPT.,  1899 


¥  KCN  =  6.5% 
Volts 

Ttf  KCN 
-  0.65% 
Volts 

if  o  KCN 
=  0.065% 
Volts 

T<nnr  KCN 
=  0.0065% 
Volts 

Aluminum  
Zinc,  amalgamated 
Zinc,  commercial 
CoDDer 

4-  0.99 
+  0.93 
Not  determined 
4-  0.81 

4-  0.90 
4-0.82 

4-0.77 
4-  0.62 

-j-  0.76 
-f  0.70 
4-0.59 
4-  o-37 

4-  0.40 
+  0.44 
4-0.39 
4-  0.16 

Cadmium  

4-o.6i 

T  °-57 

4~  0.35 

Cadmium   a  m  a  1  - 
gamated 

+  O.  ex 

+  O  31 

+  O  10 

Tin  

4"  °-45 

4~  0.24 

4-0.17 

-j-  0.06 

Bornite  

4"  O-45 

4-  0.25 

—  0.16 

Copper,  amalga- 
mated   
Gold 

4-  0.39  (?) 

4-  0.41 
4-  o  23 

+  O  OQ 

-  0.12  (?) 

—  o  38 

Silver  
Copper  glance  .  .  . 
Lead 

+  0-33 
+  0.29  (?) 

+  0.15 
4~  o  o^ 

—  0.05 
4-  0.05 

4"  O  OI 

—  0.36 
-  0.44 

Tin,  amalgamated 
Lead,      a  m  a  1  g  a- 
mated  
Quicksilver  
Gold,     a  m  a  1  g  a  - 
mated  

Not  determined 

Not  determined 
—  0.09 

4-  o.oi 
4-  o.oi 

—  0.07 

—  0.03 
—  o.i  i 

—  o.i  ^ 

—  O.I2 
—  O.26 

Antimony  
Arsenic  
Bismuth  

4-  0.06 
4-  0.04 
+0.00 

4-  0.03 
—  0.05 
—  0.06 

—  0.03 

—  O.2I 
—  O.2O 

Niccolite  

—  o.i  i 

—  O.I7 

—  O  4.4. 

Iron 

—  0.  17 

—  O  24. 

—  O  24. 

Chalcopyrite  .... 
Pyrite 

—  O.2O 
—  0.28 

-  0.34 

—  O.4.2 

-  0.44 

—  o  4.8 

— 

Galena 

—  o  28 

—  O  4.8 

—  O  S2 

Argentite.  .*  
Bethierite  
Speisscobalt  
Magnetopyrite  .  .  . 
Fahlore  

—  0.28 
—  0.30 
—  0.30 
—  0.30 

—  0.56 
-  0.52 

-  0.33 
—  0.40 
—   O  <\2 

-  0.55  (?) 
-  0.52 
—  0.50 

—  o  tj'* 

— 

Arsenopyrite  
Platinum  

—  0.40 
—  0.40 

-  0.45 

—  0.4.6 

-  0.54 

—  o  so 

— 

Cuprite  

—  O.4.1 

—  o  "\  tj 

—  o  57 

Electric  light  car- 
bon   

—  0.46 

—  o  52  (?) 

—  O  s7 

Blende  ...  . 

—  0.48 

—  o  <\2 

—  o  ^  ^ 

Boulangerite  .... 
Bournonite  
Coke  

—  0.50 
—  0.50 

—   0.5  ^ 

-  0-55 
—  0.52 

0.55 

—  0.56 
—  o  42  (?) 

— 

Ruby  Silver  ore  .  . 
Stephanite  
Stibnite  

-  0,54 
-  0.54 
—  0.56 

-  0.53  (?) 
-  0-55 
—  0.56 

-  0.54 
-  0.52 

—  0.56 

— 

54 


CYANIDE    DATA 

PROPERTIES  OF  METALS 


Metal 

Melting 
Point 

Wt.  per 
Cu.  In. 

Wt.  per 
Cu.  Ft. 

Tensile 
Strength 

Specific 
Gravity 

Chem- 
ical 
Symbol 

Aluminum  

11^7 

.0924 

1^0.63 

20,000 

2  <6 

Al 

Antimony 

II  1O 

2424 

418  86 

6  71 

Sb 

Bismuth    

CO1? 

.3^4 

611.76 

u./± 

o  83 

Bi 

Brass   cast 

1602 

3O2O 

523  2 

24  ooo 

8  3G3 

Bronze       

1602 

.310 

CCQ. 

36,000 

8  83 

Chromium 

3^00 

.24^7 

42O  4O 

68 

Cr 

Cobalt    

2732 

.307 

^30.6 

8  s 

Co" 

CoDDer 

1020 

322 

^6 

36  ooo 

°'0 

8  o 

Cu 

GOW  ::::::::::: 

106^ 

.6070 

1206.05 

20  ooo 

IQ  32 

Au 

Iridium  

3992 

.8099 

1400. 

22  42 

Ir 

Iron,  cast           .  .  . 

27OO 

.26 

4^0 

1  6  doo 

7  21 

Fe 

Iron,  wrought  

292O 

.278 

"x 

480.13 

50,000 

7  7 

Fe 

Lead 

618 

.41 

7io 

3.  OOO 

1  1  37 

Pb 

Manganese    

34^2 

.280 

400.4 

8 

Mn 

Miercury 

30 

4OOO 

848  3d 

I  -?   rn 

HP- 

Nickel 

27OO 

.3170 

S4Q  34 

88 

1ft 

Platinum  

3227 

.7769 

1342.13 

21.^ 

Pt. 

Silver 

1733 

.380^; 

6^7  33 

40  ooo 

IO  ^3 

Aff 

Steel  —  cast    

24^0 

.28 

481.2 

50,000 

7.8l 

Steel  —  rolled 

2600 

.2833 

489  6 

6c  ooo 

7  8^4 

Tin  

44^ 

.2634 

4^.08 

4,600 

7.  2O 

Sn. 

Tungsten 

3600 

.69 

IIO2.3I 

IO  IO 

W 

Vanadium  

323O 

.1087 

343.34 

C.CQ 

V. 

Zinc    . 

770 

.24^ 

43O. 

7.  Soo 

6.86 

Zn. 

APPROXIMATE  WEIGHT  OF  CASTINGS  FROM  PATTERNS 


A  Pattern  Weighing  One 
Pound  Made  of 

Cast 
Iron 
Lbs. 

Zinc 
Lbs. 

Copper 
Lbs. 

Yellow 
Brass 
Lbs. 

Gun 
Metal 
Lbs. 

Mahogany  —  Nassau  .  .  . 
Pine  —  Red    

10.7 
12.5 

10.4 

12.  1 

12.8 
14.9 

12.2 

14.2 

12.5 
14.6 

Pine  —  White 

16.7 

16.1 

19.8 

19.0 

I9-5 

Pine  —  Yellow              .  .  . 

14.1 

13.6 

16.7 

16.0 

16.5 

Oak   

9.0 

8.6 

10.4 

IO.I 

10.9 

TABLES    OF    KCN    SOLUTIONS 


TABLES  OF  KCN  SOLUTIONS 


55 


I 

Ib.  KCN  to  i  t 

on  water  "  

0.05  per 

cent. 

2 

«       it      ti  j 

O.IO      " 

M 

3 

"       "      "  i 

(                   U 

0-15  " 

« 

4 

O.2O      " 

u 

5 

«              «             «      j. 

°-2S      " 

" 

6 

0.30           ' 

u 

7 

"       "       "  I 

*          "        

0.35            " 

8 

'            u 

O.4O           ' 

n 

Q 

"       "       "  I 

(            11 

045            " 

11 

10 

«     «    «  J 



0.50           " 

l< 

•5 

gram  KCN  to 

1000  cc.  water  

0.05  per 

cent. 

I.O 

a             a         u 

IOOO    "          "         

O.IO      " 

tt 

1.5 

u             it         a 

IOOO    "           "         

0.15    " 

n 

2.O 

"             "         " 

IOOO    "          "         

O.2O      ' 

a 

2-5 

«             «         a 

IOOO    "           "         

0.25      " 

a 

«             «         <« 

IOOO    "           "         

0.30      " 

« 

3-5 

u             a         « 

IOOO    "           "         

0.35      " 

u 

4.0 

<£                    ((              « 

IOOO    "          "         

0.40      * 

4-5 

u             u         « 

IOOO    "          "         

0.45      " 

u 

5-° 

u             u          u 

IOOO    "          "        

0.50      ' 

11 

i  gram  is  to  1000  cc.  as  kilo  is  to  i  metric  ton.  Therefore  repla- 
cing kilos  for  grams  in  above  table  will  give  same  percentage  in  i 
metric  ton  of  water. 


RATE  OF  SOLUTION  OF  GOLD  IN  SLIME  PULP  OF  DIFFERENT 
SPECIFIC  GRAVITY 

The  following  table  was  worked  out  by  Julian  and  Smart  and 
published  in  their  work,  Cyaniding  Gold  and  Silver  ores,  from  which 
this  was  taken. 


Ratio  of  Solution  to  i  of 
Slime  by  Weight 

Rate  of  Dissolution  of  Gold 

KCN  alone 

IOO. 

6 

5 

58.6 

56. 

4 

52.4 

3 

47-3 

2-5 

44-3 

2. 

40. 

i-5 

34-2 

i 

20. 

CYANIDE    DATA 

TABLE  OF  SOME  COMMON  MINERALS 


Name 

Symbol 

% 
Content 

Hardness 

Average 
Specific 
Gravity 

Water  

H2O 

I.OO 

Gold 

Au 



2f 

10.  ^O 

Silver         

Ag 

_ 

2f 

IOXO 

Cooper  . 

Cu 



2f 

8.84 

Leil 

Pb 



ii 

11.44 

Antimonite    
Valentinite  

Sb2S3 
Sb2O3 

Sb-7i.76 
Sb-83.56 

2i 

4 

4-57 
5-57 

Orpiment  

AsS3 

As—  60.98 

if 

7.AC 

Realgar    
Arsenopyrite 

AsS2 
FeSAs 

As~7o.O9 
As—  46  oo 

2.O 

si 

3-5o 
6.  20 

Dolomite   
Calcite   

CaMg(C03)2 
CaCo3 

CaO-30.43 
CaO-56.oo 

3! 

3 

2.85 
2.65 

Gypsum       .  . 

CaSO4,  2H2O 

CaO-32  60 

2 

2.3? 

Cuprite  

CuoO 

Cu-88.8o 

3} 

6.00 

Chalcocite   
Tetrahedrite    
Chalcopyrite  
Bornite  
Chalcanthite  
Chrysacol  

Cu2S 
Cu8S7Sb2 
CuFeS2 
Cu3FeS3 
CuS04,  5H20 
CuSiO3,  2H2O 

Cu-79.86 
Cu-52.o8 
Cu-34.59 
Cu-55.58 
01-25.43 
Cu—  34.2 

?! 

4.0 
4.0 
3.0 
3} 

3i 

5.65 

4.80 
4.20 

5.00 

2.21 
2.  2O 

Malachite 

Cu2CO4,  H2O 

Cll—  ^7.4.^ 

2^ 

3.85 

Azurite  
Limonite  

3Cu3C207,H207 
2Fe2O3,  3H2O 

Cu-55.28 
Fe-48.23 

4 
5i 

3.67 
3.80 

Hematite 

3Fe2O3,  H2O 

Fe—  67.47 

6 

4.90 

Specularite  
Magnetite 

Fe203 
Fe3O4 

Fe~7o. 
Fe—  72  A  i 

6i 

4 

4-5 
5.05 

Pyrite  .    . 

FeS2 

Fe-46.66 

6 

5.00 

Pyrolasite    
Psilomelane  

MnO2 
BaMn4O9,  H2O 

Mn-63.27 
Mn~42.3 

2 

6i 

4.80    - 
4.20 

Psilomelane  . 

K2Mn4O9,  H2O 

Mn—  52.4 

(U 

4.20 

Cinabarite  
Galenite 

HgS 
PbS 

Hg-86.2 
Pb-86.62 

4 

n 

8-75 
7.50 

Cerusite   
Anglesite    
Cerargyrite    
Argentite  

PbC03 
PbS04 

AgCl 

Ag2S 

Pb-77-53 
Pb-68.32 
Ag-75.28 
Ag-87.O9 

3i 

3 

I2 

2\ 

6.00 
6.25 
4.00 
7-3° 

Pyrargyrite    ...... 
Stephanite  
Cassiterite  
Blend   
Fluorspar     
Quartz    
Barite  . 

Ag3SbS3 
Ag5SbS4 
SnO2 
ZnS 
CaF2 
SiO2 
BaSO4 

Ag-59-8 
Ag-68.s 
Sn-78.66 
Zn-67.o2 
Ca-si-3 

BaO-6^.7 

2i 

2\ 

6i 

4 
4 

7 

7 

5-80 
6.27 

6-75 
4.10 

3-i8 
2.65 
4.51 

DECIMAL  EQUIVALENTS 


57 


DECIMAL  EQUIVALENTS  OF  FRACTIONS  OF  AN  INCH. 
BY  8THS,  l6THS,  32NDS  AND  64THS.) 


(ADVANCING 


8ths 

32nds 

64ths 

64ths 

1  -  -125 

A  =  -03125 

A  =  .015625 

If  =  .515625 

i  =  -250 

A  =  .09375 

A  =  .046875 

ff  =  .546875 

1  =  -375 

/2  =  .15625 

A  =  .078125 

H  =  .578125 

£  =  .500 

A  =  -2l875 

A  =  -I09375 

«  =  .609375 

1  =  -625 

/2  =  .28125 

A  =  .140625 

|j  =  .640625 

i  =  -750 

iJ  =  -34375 

it  =  -171875 

If  =  .671875 

i  -  -875 

i|  =  .40625 

if  =  -203125 

M  =  .703125 

H  -  -46875 

iJ  =  .234375 

H  =  .734375 

i6ths. 

A  F=  .0625 

H  =  -53125 

i}  =  .265625 

H  =  .765625 

A  =  .^75 

M  =  -59375 

if  =  .296875 

It  =  .796875 

A  =  -3125 

II  =  -65625 

|i  =  .328125 

f  =  .828125 

A  =  -4375 

II  =  -71875 

ft  =  .359375 

f  =  .859375 

A  =  -5625 

If  =  -78125 

if  =  .390625 

j  =  .890625 

it  -  -6875 

1!  =  -84375 

|J  =  .421875 

t  =  -921875 

it  =  -8125 

ff  =  .90625 

It  =  -453125 

ft  =  -953125 

it  =  -9375 

fi  =  .96875 

ti  =  484375 

If  =  -984375 

DECIMAL  EQUIVALENTS  OF  FRACTIONS  OF  AN  INCH.     (ADVANCING 

BY   64THS.) 


<rr  =  .015625 
A  =  -°3i25 
A  =  .046875 

A  =  -°625 

H  =  .265625 
A  =  .28125 
if  =  .296875 
A  =  -3125 

If  =  .515625 

ti  =  -53125 
ft  =  .546875 

T96  =  -5625 

if  =  .765625 

M  =  -78125 

?!  :  i?2575 

A  =  .078125 
A  =  -°9375 

A  =  .109375 
t  =  -125 

ft  =  .328125 

il  =  -34375 
if  =  -359375 
f  =  -375 

ti  =  .578125 

M  =  -59375 
ff  =  .609375 
I  =  .625 

it  =  .828125 
H  =  .84375 

M  =  .859375 
J  =  -875 

&  =  .140625 

3\  =  .15625 

it  =  .171875 
A  -  .1875 

|f  =  .390625 
il  =  .40625 
|f  =  .421875 
A  =  -4375 

£  J  =  .640625 

M  =  .65625 
H-  =  .671875 
ii  =  -6875 

jf  =  .890625 
If  =  .90625 
jf  =  .921875 

if  =  -9375 

if  -  .203125 
A  =  .21875 
M  =  .234375 
t  =  .25 

|f  =  .453125 
if  =  .46875 
ft  =  .484375 
1  =  .50 

if  =  .703125 
II  =  .71875 

Ii  =-.734375 
1  =  -75 

Ii  =  .953125 
f£  =  .96875 

ff  =  -984375 

CYANIDE    DATA 


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WEIGHTS    AND    VOLUMES    OF    SLIME    PULP        59 


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CYANIDE    DATA 


COMPARISON  OF  VALUES  OF  SILVER  IN  OUNCES  AND  KILOGRAMS 

It  is  often  of  value  for  one  operating  in  silver-producing  business 
to  know  at  once  the  value  of  a  kilogram  of  silver  when  the  New  York 
quotation  is  at  any  stated  figure.  For  that  reason  the  following 
table  has  been  prepared,  showing  the  value  of  a  kilogram  of  silver 
for  any  quotation  in  New  York  between  fifty  cents  and  one  dollar  per 
Troy  ounce.  The  price  from  fifty  cents  to  seventy-five  cents  per 
ounce  has  been  calculated  for  every  variation  of  one-eighth  cent, 
and  from  that  point  to  one  dollar  for  variations  of  one-quarter  cent. 
This  table  will  be  found  of  value  for  ascertaining  at  once  the  value 
of  a  kilogram  of  silver  when  the  New  York  quotation  is  at  any  point 
between  these  two  limits.  It  is  more  than  probable  that  these  limits 
will  cover  the  probable  fluctuations  for  some  time  to  come. 


SIZES  AND  WEIGHTS  OF  WROUGHT  IRON  PIPE 


Nominal  Size  Inside 
Diameter 

Nominal  Weigh 

t  per  Foot 

Actual  Outside 
Diameter 

Butt  Welded 

i 

.241  Ifc 

s. 

•405" 

i 

.420 

•540" 

I 

•559 

-675" 

i 

•837 

.840" 

I 

1.115 

1.050" 

i" 

1.668 

I-3I5" 

ii" 

2.244 

1.  660" 

Lap  Welded 

it* 

2.678" 

1.900" 

2" 

3.609 

2-375" 

2i" 

5-739 

2-875" 

3" 

7-536 

3.500" 

3i" 

9.001 

4.000" 

4" 

10.665 

4.500" 

4i" 

.      12.490 

5.000" 

5" 

14.502 

5-563" 

6" 

18.762 

6.625" 

8" 

28.177 

8.625" 

10  " 

40.065 

10.750" 

12" 

48.985 

12.750" 

SPECIFIC    GRAVITIES  6l 

SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OF  CONCENTRATING  ORES  AND  GANGUES 
LEAD 

Specific  Gravity 

Galena  (lead  sulphide) 7.2  to  7.7. 

Cerussite  (lead  carbonate)    6.4  to  6.5 

Anglesite  (lead  sulphate) 6.1  to  6.4 

COPPER 

Melaconite  (black  copper)    ...    6.2  to  6.3 

Cuprite  (copper  oxide)    5.8  to  6.1 

Chalcocite  (copper  glance) 5.8  to  5.8 

Bornite  (peacock  copper)    4.4  to  5.5 

Chalcopyrite  (copper  pyrite) 4.1  to  4.3 

Malachite  (copper  carbonate)    3.7  to  4.1 

Chrysocalla  (silicate  of  copper) 2.0  to  2.2 


IRON 

Mispickel  (iron  arsenide)    > 5.5  to  6.0 

Magnetite  (iron  oxide)    4.9  to  5.2 

Pyrite  (iron  bisulphide) 4.8  to' 5. 2 

Marcastite  (iron  sulphide)    4.6  to  4.8 


ZINC 

Smithsonite  (zinc  carbonate) 4.4  to  4.4 

Sphalerite  (zinc  blende) 3.9  to  4.2 

Willemite  (zinc  silicate) ' 3.9  to  4.1 

GANGUE 

Barite  (heavy  spar) 4.3  to  4.7 

Manganese  Garnet 4.1  to  4.5 

Iron  Garnet 3.9  to  4.4 

Lime  Garnet 3.4  to  3.5 

Fluorite  (Fluorspar) 3.0  to  3.2 

Anhydrite  (Gypsum)   2.8  to  2.9 

Dolomite  (magnesian  limestone)   2.8  to  2.9 

Quartz    2.5  to  2.8 

Calcite  (lime  carbonate) 2.5  to  2.7 

Kaolinite  (Kaolin) 2.4  to  2.6 


62 


CYANIDE    DATA 


METALLIC  CONTENTS  or  PURE  ORES 

Magnetite  (magnetic  iron  ore) Iron,  72.0  per  cent. 

Hematite  (red  oxide  of  iron)    Iron,  70.0  per  cent. 

Iron  Pyrite    Iron,  46.6  per  cent. 

Cuprite  (red  oxide  of  copper) Copper,  88.8  per  cent. 

Malachite  (green  carbonate  of  copper)  .  .  Copper,  62.0  per  cent. 

Az.urite  (blue  carbonate  of  copper)   Copper,  61.0  per  cent. 

Bornite  (purple  or  peacock  copper) Iron,  15  per  cent.;  Copper, 

58.0  per  cent. 
Chalcopyrite  (copper  pyrite)    Iron,  30  per  cent.;  Copper, 

34.0  per  cent. 

Chalcocite  (copper  glance) Copper,  78.0  per  cent. 

Galena  (lead  sulphide) Lead,  86.6  per  cent. 

Cerussite  (lead  carbonate)    Lead,  70.0  per  cent. 

Zinc  Blende  (zinc  sulphide)    Zinc,  67.0  per  cent. 


WEIGHTS  OF  FLAT  STEEL 
PER  LINEAL  FOOT 


Width  in  1  1 
Inches  1 

Thickness  in  Inches 

A 

i 

i3B 

i 

I5B 

1 

i 

1 

f 

1 

i 

I 

.21 

•43 

•638 

.850 

i.  06 

.28 

i-49 

1.70 

2.12 

2-55 

2.98 



ii 

.24 

•48 

.720 

•955 

1.20 

•43 

1.68 

1.92 

2-39 

2.87 

3-35 

3.88 

ij 

.27 

•53 

•797 

i.  06 

i-33 

•59 

1.86 

2.12 

2.65 

3-i9 

3-72 

4.25 

it 

•30 

•59 

•875 

1.17 

1.46 

.76 

2.05 

2-34 

2.92 

3-51 

4.09 

4.68 

ii 

•32 

.64 

•957 

1.28 

i-59 

.92 

2.23 

2-55 

3.19 

3-83 

4-47 

5.10 

if 

•35 

.69 

1.04 

1-38 

1-73 

2.08 

2.42 

2.77 

3-46 

4.15 

4-84 

5-53 

if 

•38 

•75 

i.  ii 

i-49 

1.86 

2.23 

2.60 

2.98 

3-72 

4-47 

5.20 

5-95 

2 

•43 

•85 

1.28 

1.70 

2.12 

2-55 

2.98 

3-40 

4.25 

5.10 

5-95 

6.80 

2i 

.48 

.96 

i-44 

1.91 

2-39 

2.87 

3-35 

3-83 

4.78 

5-75 

6.69 

7.65 

2i 

•53 

.06 

i-59 

2.12 

2.65 

3-i9 

3-72 

4-25 

5-31 

6.38 

7-44 

8.50 

2t 

•59 

•17 

i-75 

2-34 

2.92 

3-5i 

4.09 

4.67 

5.84 

7.02 

8.18 

9-35 

3 

.64 

.28 

1.91 

2-55 

3-19 

3-83 

4.46 

5.10 

6.38 

7-65 

8-93 

IO.2O 

3i 

.69 

•38 

2.07 

2.76 

3-45 

4-i5 

4-83 

5-53 

6.91 

8.29 

9.67 

11.05 

3| 

•75 

•49 

2.23 

2.98 

3-72 

4-47 

5.20 

5-95 

7-44 

8-93 

10.41 

II.9O 

31 

.80 

.60 

2-39 

3-19 

3-99 

4.78 

5-58 

6.38 

7-97 

9-57 

ii.  16 

12-75 

4 

•85 

.70 

2-55 

3-40 

4-25 

5.10 

5-95 

6.80 

8.50 

IO.2O 

11.90 

13.60 

4i 

.96 

.92 

2.87 

3.83 

4.78 

5-74 

6.70 

7.65 

9-57 

11.48 

13-39 

I5.30 

5 

1.07 

2.13 

3-i9 

4.25 

5-3i 

6.38 

7-44 

8.50 

10.63 

12-75 

14-87 

I7.OO 

5i 

1.17 

2-34 

3-5i 

4.67 

5-84 

7.02 

8.18 

9-35 

11.69 

14.05 

16.36 

18.70 

6 

1.28 

2-55 

3-83 

5.10 

6.38 

7<65 

8-93 

10.20 

12.75 

I5-30 

17-85 

2O.4O 

7 

i-49 

2.98 

4.46 

5-95 

7-44 

8-93 

10.41 

II.9O 

14.87 

17.85 

20.83 

23.80 

8 

1.70 

3-40 

5.10 

6.80 

8.50 

IO.2O 

11.90 

13.60 

17.00 

2O.4O 

23.80 

27.2O 

WEIGHTS    AND    GRAVITIES    OF    MATERIALS       63 
WEIGHT  AND  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  or  VARIOUS  MATERIALS 


Material 

Weight  per 
Cubic  Feet 
Average 
Pounds 

Specific 
Gravity 
Average 

Brick  common                     

I  oo  to  125 

1.6  to  2 

Brick  pressed 

1  3  J. 

2  16 

Brick  fire                  

ISO 

2.4 

Brickwork  in  mortar 

no 

Brickwork  in  cement 

112 

Cement  Portland,  loose    . 

78 

Cement  Rosendale  loose 

60 

Clay                       

no 

I.Q 

Coal  anthracite 

Q2     1? 

T    < 

Coal,  bituminous    

8A 

I.7C 

Coal  cannel              

7O 

I  272 

Coke 

46 

Concrete,  in  cement  

137 

2  2 

Concrete,  ordinary 

I  IO 

I  O 

Earth 

77  tO   I  2  S 

IS  2   1"O   "2 

Galena           

6  1  to  7   C 

Granite,  gray 

l63 

2  62 

Granite,  red  

i6s 

2  62 

Gypsum             .            . 

IA3 

2  286 

Iron  pyrites 

4tT  to  C   C 

J^imestone    

168 

•o  tu  5-5 

2  7 

Lime,  quick 

r? 

RA-J 

Marble 

168 

2   7 

Masonry,  ashlar. 

1  60 

Masonry,  rubble 

1  80 

Mortar,  average  

1  06 

I  7 

Quartz    .    . 

i6s 

2  6^ 

Sand,  river  

117 

i  88 

Sand,  coarse    ... 

IOO 

i  6n 

Sandstone 

I  SO 

2  A 

Silica  

2   S 

Slate,  American    . 

I7S 

2  8 

Slate,  Welsh    . 

1  80 

2  88 

Sulphur    

12  S 

2 

64  CYANIDE    DATA 

WEIGHT  AND  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OF  LIQUIDS 


Specific 
Gravity 


Weight 

Per 

Cubic 

Inch 

Pounds 


Weight 

Per 
Gallon 
Pounds 


Water,  distilled,  60  degrees  Fahrenheit   ...     i. 

Water,  sea    1.03 

Water,  Dead  Sea 1.24 

Acid,  Acetic 1.062 

Acid,  Nitric    1.217 

Acid,  Sulphuric   1.841 

Acid,  Muriatic 1.2 

Alcohol,  pure 792 

Alcohol,  proof    916 

Alcohol  of  commerce 833 

Oil,  Linseed 940 

Oil,  Olive    915 

Oil,  Turpentine   870 

Oil,  whale 923 

Petroleum 878 


.036 
•037 
•045 
.038 
.044 
.067 

•043 
.029 

•033 
.030 

•034 
•033 
.031 

•033 
.032 


8-35 
8-55 
10.4 
8.78 
10.16 
15-48 
9-93 
6.7 
7.62 
6-93 
7.85 
7.62 
7.16 
7.65 
7-39 


WEIGHTS    AND    GRAVITIES    OF    MATERIALS       65 


WEIGHT  AND  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  or  METALS 


Metal 

Specific  Gravity 
Range  According 
to  Several 
Authorities 

Specific 
Gravity 
Approx. 
Mean 
Value 
Used  in 
Calcula- 
tion of 
Weight 

Weight 
Per 
Cubic 
Foot 
Pounds 

Weight 
Per 
Cubic 
Inch 
Pounds 

Aluminum                     

2.56    to     2.71 

2.67 

166.5 

.0963 

Antimony 

6.66    to    6.86 

6,76 

421.6 

.2439 

Bismuth  
Brass:  Copper,  Zinc  ] 

80            20 

70        3PJ     .... 

60        40  1 

Bronze!  {tnPP-'V»°} 
Cadmium 

9.74    to    9.90 
7.8      to    8.6 

8.25    to    8.96 
8.6      to    8.7 

9.82 

8.60 
8.40 
8.36 
8.20 

8.853 

8.65 

612.4 

536.3 
523.8 
521.3 
5II-4 

552. 
539. 

•3454 

•3103 

•3031 
.3017 

•2959 

•3195 
.3121 

Calcium  

1.58 

Chromium       .        

5.0 







Cobalt 

8.5      to    8.6 







Gold,  pure  

19.245  to  19.361 

19.258 

1200.9 

.6949 

Copper 

8.69    to    8.92 

8.853 

552. 

.3195 

Iridium  

22,38    to  23. 

1396. 

.8076 

Jron,  cast           

6.85    to    7.48 

7.218 

450. 

.2604 

Iron  wrought 

7.4      to    7.9 

7.70 

480. 

.2779 

Lead  

11.07    to  11.44 

11.38 

709.7 

.4106 

Manganese      

7.        to    8. 

8. 

499. 

.2887 

Magnesium 

1.69    to    1.75 

1.75 

109. 

.0641 

f      ^2°    . 

13.60    to  13.62 

13.62 

849.3 

.4915 

Mercury  •{     60 

13.58 

13.58 

846.8 

.4900 

[  212               f 

13.37     to  13.38 

13.38 

834.4 

.4828 

Nickel        

8.279  to    8.93 

8.8 

548.7 

.3175 

Platinum 

20.33    to  22.07 

21.5 

1347. 

.7758 

Potassium    

0.865 

Silver    :  .  .  .  . 

10.474  to  10.511 

10.505 

655.1 

.3791 

Sodium 

O  O7 

Steel 

7  60     tO     7  O32 

7.8^4 

489.6 

.2834 

Tin   

7.291  to    7.409 

7.350 

458.3 

.2652 

Titanium 

r  3 

Tungsten 

17         to  17.6 







Zinc  .  . 

6.86    to    7.  20 

7. 

4.36.< 

.2526 

In  the  first  column  of  figures  the  lowest  are  usually  those  of  cast 
metals,  which  are  more  or  less  porous;  the  highest  are  of  metals 
finely  rolled  or  drawn  into  wire. 


66  CYANIDE    DATA 

JOISTS,  SCANTLINGS  AND  TIMBER  —  CONTENTS  IN  FEET 


Size,  Inches 

Lengths 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

I     X  10 

S» 

10 

"f 

13* 

15 

i6§ 

i8J 

20 

I     X  12 

IO 

12 

H 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

I     X  14 

nf 

14 

i6| 

i8| 

21 

23*' 

25! 

28 

I     X  16 

13* 

16 

i8| 

21* 

24 

26| 

29* 

32 

ijX    8 

8| 

10 

iif 

I3i 

15 

i6f 

i8i 

20 

ii  X  10 

I°T5I 

M| 

i*A 

i6f 

i8f 

20| 

t»fi 

25 

ii  X  12 

«J 

15 

171 

20 

22i 

25 

27i 

30 

ii  X    6 

7i 

9 

xoj 

12 

I3i 

15 

i6i 

18 

ii  X    8 

IO 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

ii  x  10 

wl 

15 

i7i 

20 

22* 

25 

»?i 

30 

ii  X  12 

15 

1  8 

21 

24 

27 

30 

33 

36 

2    X    4 

61 

8 

9* 

io| 

12 

i3i 

I4§ 

16 

2    X    6 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

2X8 

13* 

16 

i8f 

21* 

24 

26f 

29* 

32 

2    X  10 

i6f 

20 

23* 

26f 

30 

33i 

36f 

40 

2      X   12 

20 

24 

28 

32 

36 

40 

44 

48 

2      X   14 

23i 

28 

32§ 

37i 

42 

46f 

5ii 

56 

2    X  16 

26f 

32 

37i 

42§ 

48 

53i 

58! 

64 

2i  X   12 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

'  55 

60 

2^  X   14 

29* 

35 

4of 

46f 

52^ 

58* 

64^ 

70 

2i  X  16 

33i 

40 

46f 

53i 

60 

66f 

73* 

80 

3X6 

15 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

33 

36 

3X8 

20 

24 

28 

32 

36 

40 

44 

48 

3    X  10 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

3    X  12 

30 

36 

42 

48 

54 

60 

66 

72 

3    X  14 

35 

42 

49 

56 

63 

70 

77 

84 

3    X  16 

40 

48 

56 

64 

72 

80 

88 

96 

4X4 

13* 

16 

i8f 

21* 

24 

26f 

29i 

32 

4X6 

20 

24 

28 

32 

36 

40 

44 

48 

4X8 
4    X  10 

26f 

33i 

32 
40 

37i 
46f 

42§ 

53i 

48 
60 

53! 
66f 

58! 
73i 

64 
80 

4    X  12 

40 

48 

56 

64 

72 

80 

88 

96 

4    X  14 

46! 

56 

65i 

74f 

84 

93i 

I02§ 

112 

6X6 

30 

36 

42 

48 

54 

60 

66 

72 

6X8 

40 

48 

56 

64 

72 

80 

88 

96 

6    X  10 

So 

60 

70 

80 

90 

IOO 

no 

1  2O 

CONTENTS    OF    TIMBER,    IN    FEET  67 

JOISTS,  SCANTLINGS  AND  TIMBER  —  CONTENTS  IN  FEET  —  Continued 


Size,  Inches 

Lengths 

18 

24 

6  X  12 

60 

72 

84 

96 

1  08 

120 

132 

144 

6  X  14 

70 

84 

98 

112 

126 

I4O 

154 

168 

6  X  16 

80 

96 

112 

128 

144 

1  60 

176 

192 

8X8 

531 

64 

74§ 

85i 

96 

io6§ 

H7l 

128 

8  X  10 

66f 

80 

93i 

io6| 

1  20 

i33i 

146! 

160 

8  X  12 

80 

96 

114 

128 

144 

1  60 

176 

192 

8  X  14 

93i 

112 

130! 

i49i 

168 

i86f 

205^ 

224 

10  X  10 

83* 

IOO 

n6f 

i33i 

150 

i66f 

183* 

200 

10   X  12 

100 

120 

140 

1  60 

180 

200 

220 

240 

10  X  14 

n6f 

I4O 

i63J 

i86f 

2IO 

233i 

256! 

280 

10  X  16 

i33i 

1  60 

i86f 

213* 

240 

266f 

2931 

320 

12   X  12 

1  20 

144 

168 

192 

216 

240 

264 

288 

12   X  14 

140 

168 

196 

224 

252 

280 

308 

336 

12  X  16 

1  60 

192 

224 

256 

288 

320 

352 

384 

14  X  14 

i63i 

196 

228f 

261} 

294 

326! 

359i 

392 

14  X  16 

i86f 

224 

26l| 

298| 

336 

373? 

4iof 

448 

CYANIDE    DATA 


TABLE  SHOWING  THE  RELATIVE  VOLUMES  OF  COMPRESSED  AIR  AT 
VARIOUS  PRESSURES 


Volume  of 

Volume  of 

Gage 
Pressure 
Pounds 

Free  Air 
Correspond- 
ing to  One 
Cubic  Foot 
of  Air 

Correspond- 
ing Volume 
of  One  Cubic 
Foot  of  Free 
Air  at  Given 

Gage 
Pressure 
Pounds 

Free  Air 
Correspond- 
ing to  One 
Cubic  Foot 
of  Air  at 

Correspond- 
ing Volume 
of  One  Cubic 
Foot  of  Free 
Air  at  Given 

at  Given 

Pressure 

Given 

Pressure 

Pressure 

Pressure 

O 

I.OO 

I.OO 

70 

5.762 

•1735 

I 

1.068 

.9356     • 

75 

6.102 

.1638 

2 

1.136 

.8802 

80 

6.442 

.1550 

3 

1.204 

•8305 

85 

6.782 

.1474 

4 

1.273 

.7861 

90     . 

7.122 

.1404 

5 

i-34 

.7462 

95 

7.462 

.1340 

10 

1.68 

•5951 

IOO 

7.802 

.1281 

15 

2.02 

.4949 

no 

8.483 

.1178 

20 

2.36 

.4236 

120 

9.170 

.1090 

25 

2.7 

•3703 

I30 

9-843 

.1016 

30 

3-04 

.3288 

I4O 

10.52 

.0950 

35 

3.38 

•2957 

150 

11.20 

.0892 

40 

3-72 

.2687 

1  60 

11.88 

.0841 

45 

4.06 

.2462 

170 

12.56 

.0796 

50 

.    4-40 

.2272 

1  80 

13.24 

•0755 

55 

4-74 

.2109 

190 

13.92 

.0712 

60 

5.08 

.1967 

2OO 

14.60 

.0684 

65 

5-42 

.1844 

TABLE    OF    AIR    COMPRESSIONS 


69 


TABLE  SHOWING  HORSE-POWER  DEVELOPED 

TO  COMPRESS  100  CUBIC  FEET  FREE  AIR  FROM  ATMOSPHERE  TO 
VARIOUS  PRESSURES 


Gage 
Pressure 
Pounds 

One-stage 
Compression 
D.  H.  P. 

Gage 
Pressure 
Pounds 

Two-stage 
Compression 
D.  H.  P. 

Four-stage 
Compression 
D.  H.  P. 

IO 

3-60 

60 

11.70 

10.80 

15 

5.03 

80 

13.70 

12.50 

20 

6.28 

100 

15.40 

14.20 

25 

7.42 

200 

2  1.  2O 

18.75 

30 

8.47 

300 

24.50 

2  1.  80 

35 

9.42 

400 

27.70 

24.OO 

40 

10.30 

500 

29-75 

25.90 

45 

11.14 

600 

31.70 

27.50 

50 

11.90 

700 

33-50 

28.90 

55 

12.67 

800 

34-90 

30.00 

60 

I3-4I 

900 

36.30 

31.00 

70 

14.72 

IOOO 

37.80 

31.80 

80 

15-94 

1200 

39-70 

33.30 

90 

17.06 

I6OO 

43-oo 

35.65 

TOO 

18.15 

2OOO 

45-50 

37.80 



— 

25OO 

39.06 

3000 

40.15 

The  above  table  does  not  take  into  consideration  jacket-cooling  or 
friction  of  machine.  Initial  temperature  of  air  at  beginning  of  each 
compression  is  60  degrees. 


CYANIDE    DATA 


CIRCUMFERENCES  AND  AREAS  OF  CIRCLES 


E 
9 

3 

Circum. 

Area. 

8 

d 

5 

Circum. 

Area 

| 

3 

Circu  . 

Area 

A 

.1963 

.00307 

8 

25.132 

50.265 

55 

172.788 

2375.83 

1 

.3927 

.01227 

9 

28.274 

63.617 

56 

175.929 

2463.01 

ft 

.5890 

.02761 

10 

31.416 

78.540 

57 

179.071 

255I-76 

i 

.7854 

.04909 

ii 

34.558 

95.033 

58 

182.212 

2642.08 

A 

.9817 

.07670 

12 

37.699 

113.097 

50 

185.354 

2733-97 

f 

1.1781 

.1104 

13 

40.840 

132.732 

60 

188.496 

2827.43 

A 

1-3744 

.1503 

14 

43.982 

I53.938 

61 

191.637 

2922.47 

i 

1.5708 

.1963 

15 

47.124 

176.715 

62 

194.779 

3019.07 

* 

I.777I 

.2485 

16 

50-265 

201.062 

63 

197.920 

3H7.25 

I-9635 

.3068 

17 

53407 

226.980 

64 

201.062 

3216.99 

H 

2.1598 

.3712 

18 

56.548 

254.469 

65 

204.204 

33I8.3I 

1 
4 

2.3562 

.4418 

19 

59.690 

283.529 

66 

207.345 

3421.  IQ 

H 

2.5525 

.5185 

20 

62.832 

314.160 

67 

210.487 

3522.66 

i 

2.7489 

.6013 

21 

65.973 

346.361 

68 

213.628 

3631.68 

if 

2.9452 

.6903 

22 

69.115 

380.133 

69 

216.770 

3739-28 

I 

3.1416 

.7854 

23 

72.256 

415.476 

70 

219.912 

3848.45 

iA 

3-3379 

.8866 

24 

75.398 

452.390 

7i 

223-053 

3969.19 

1  1 

3-5343 

.9940 

25 

78.540 

490.875 

72 

226.195 

4071.50 

iA 

3.7306 

1.1075 

26 

81.681 

530.930 

73 

229.336 

4185.39 

il 

3.9270 

1.2271 

27 

84.823 

572.556 

74 

232.478 

4300.84 

iA 

4.1233 

i.353o 

28 

87.964 

615.753 

75 

235.620 

4417.86 

if 

4.3197 

1.4848 

29 

91.106 

660.521 

76 

238.761 

4536.46 

'A 

4.5160 

1.6229 

30 

94.248 

706.860 

77 

241.903 

4656.63 

1  5 

4.7124 

1.7671 

31 

97-389 

754.769 

78 

245.044 

4778.36 

I  I 

5-1051 

2.0739 

32 

100.531 

804.249 

79 

248.186 

4901.68 

If 

5-4978 

2.4052 

33 

103.672 

855.30 

80 

251.328 

5026.55 

II 

5-8905 

2.7611 

34 

106.814 

907.92 

81 

254.469 

5153-00 

2 

6.2832 

3.1416 

35 

109.956 

962.11 

82 

257.6ll 

5281.02 

2i 

6.6759 

3-5465 

36 

113.097 

1017.88 

83 

260.752 

54IO.6I 

2f 

7.0686 

3.976o 

37 

116.239 

1075.21 

84 

263.894 

554L77 

2  f 

7.4613 

4.4302 

38 

119.380 

1134.11 

85 

267.035 

5674.5I 

2f 

7.8540 

4.9087 

39 

122.522 

1194.59 

86 

270.177 

5808.80 

2! 

8.6394 

5.9395 

40 

125.664 

1256.64 

87 

273.319 

5944.68 

3 

9.4248 

7.0686 

4i 

128.805 

1320.25 

88 

276.460 

6O82.I2 

3f 

IO.2IO 

8-2957 

42 

I3L947 

I385-44 

89 

279.602 

6221.14 

3  I 

10.995 

9.6211 

43 

135.088 

1452.20 

90 

282.744 

6361.73 

3i 

II.78I 

11.044 

44 

138.230 

1520.53 

9i 

285.885 

6503.88 

4 

12.566 

12.566 

45 

141.372 

1590.43 

92 

289.027 

6647.61 

4l 

I3.35I 

14.186 

46 

144-513 

1661.90 

93 

292.168 

6792.91 

4  1 

14.137 

15.904 

57 

I47.655 

1734-94 

94 

295.310 

6939.78 

4l 

14.922 

17.720 

48 

150.796 

1908.56 

95 

298.452 

7088.22 

5 

15.708 

19-635 

49 

153.938 

1885.74 

96 

301.593 

7238.23 

Sf 

16.493 

21.647 

50 

157.080 

1963.50 

97 

304-734 

7389.81 

sl 

17.278 

23-758 

5i 

160.221 

2042.82 

98 

307-876 

7542.96 

5f 

18.064 

25-967 

52 

163.363 

2123.72 

99 

311.018 

7697.69 

6 

18.849 

28.274 

53 

166.504 

2206.18 

100 

314.159 

7853.98 

7 

21.991 

28.484 

54 

169.646 

2290.22 

DIFFERENT  STANDARDS   FOR   WIRE   GAGES 


DIMENSIONS   IN   DECIMAL   PARTS   OF   AN   INCH 


Number 
of 
Gage 

American 
or 
Brown 
& 
Sharpe 

Birm- 
ingham 
or  Stubs 
Iron 
Wire 

Wash- 
burn  & 
Moen 
Mfg.  Co 

Trenton 
Iron 
Co. 

Stubs' 
Steel 
Wire 

Impe- 
rial 
Wire 
Gage 

u.  s. 

Standard 
for  Plate 

oooooo 

.464 

.46871; 

ooooo 

ACQ 

432 

'<+*•"-'/  j 

437C 

oooo 

.46 

.ACA 

.30^8 

.400 

'^TO 

.400 

•TO/  j 
.40625 

ooo 

.40964 

•TOT1 
.4.2C 

o  yo^ 
.162% 

.360 

•272 

37<J 

oo 

36d8 

••r*3 

^80 

O         J 
22IO 

'O 

32O 

•o  1  * 
348 

'OIO 

3437C 

o 

•o    T" 
.32486 

.,)W 

.34.0 

•OO 
.2O6<C 

•oo^ 

7CK 

•OT" 

324. 

•OTO/J 
II2< 

I 

.2893 

"OH' 
.300 

'O        J 
.2830 

'O     O 

.285 

.227 

•O^T 
.300 

•ox  -"j 
.28125 

2 

•25763 

.284 

.2625 

.265 

.219 

.276 

.265625 

3 

.22942 

.259 

.2437 

.245 

.212 

.252 

.25 

4 

.20431 

.238 

.2253 

.225 

.207 

.232 

•234375 

5 

.18194 

.220 

.2070 

.205 

.204 

.212 

.21875 

6 

.16202 

.203 

.I92O 

.190 

.201 

.192 

.203125 

7 

.14428 

.ISO 

.1770 

•175 

.199 

.176 

•1875 

8 

.  1  2849 

.165 

.l62O 

.160 

.197 

.160 

•I7I875 

9 

•II443 

.148 

.1483 

•145 

.194 

.144 

.I5625 

10 

.10189 

.134 

.1350 

.130 

.191 

.128 

.140625 

ii 

.090742 

.I2O 

.1205 

.H75 

.188 

.116 

.125 

12 

.080808 

,.109 

.1055 

.105 

.185 

.104 

•109375 

13 

.071961 

•095 

.0915 

.0925 

.182 

.092 

•09375 

14 

.064084 

.083 

.080O 

.080 

.ISO 

.080 

.078125 

15 

.057068 

.072 

.O72O 

.070 

.178 

.072 

.0703125 

16 

.05082 

.065 

.0625 

.061 

.175 

.064 

.0625 

17 

.045257 

.058 

.0540 

•0525 

.172 

.056 

•05625 

18 

.040303 

.049 

•0475 

.045 

.168 

.048 

•05 

i9 

.03589 

.042 

.O4IO 

.040 

.164 

.040 

•04375 

20 

.031961 

.035 

.0348 

•035 

.l6l 

.036 

-0375 

21 

.028462 

.032 

•03175 

.031 

•157 

.032 

•034375 

22 

•025347 

.028 

.0286 

.028 

•155 

.028 

•03125 

23 

.022571 

.025 

.0258 

.025 

•153 

.024 

.028125 

24 

.0201 

.022 

.0230 

.0225 

.151 

.022 

.025 

25 

.0179 

.O2O 

.02O4 

.020 

.148 

.020 

.021875 

26 

.01594 

.Ol8 

.Ol8l 

.018 

.146 

.018 

.01875 

27 

.014195 

.Ol6 

•0173 

.017 

•143 

.0164 

.0171875 

28 

.012641 

.014 

.Ol62 

.016 

•139 

.0149 

.015625 

29 

.011257 

.013 

.0150 

.015 

•134 

.0136 

.0140625 

30 

.OIOO25 

.OI2 

.0140 

.014 

.127 

.OI24 

.0125 

31 

.008928 

.OIO 

.0132 

.013 

.I2O 

.OIl6 

•0109375 

32 

.00795 

.009 

.0128 

.012 

.H5 

.0108 

.01015625 

33 

.00708 

.008 

.OIl8 

.Oil 

.112 

.OIOO 

.009375 

34 

.006304 

.OO7 

.OI04 

.010 

.110 

.0092 

•00859375 

35 

.005614 

.005 

•0095 

.0095 

.108 

.0084 

.0078125 

36 

.005 

.OO4 

.0090 

.009 

.106 

.0076 

.00703125 

37 
38 

.004453 
.003965 

.0085 
.008 

.103 
.101 

.0068 
.OO60 

.006640625 
.00625 

39 

.003531 

.0075 

•099 

.0052 

40 

.003144 

.007 

.097 

.0048 

CYANIDE    DATA 


WEIGHTS  OF  STEEL  AND  IRON  BARS  PER  LINEAR  FOOT 


Dia.  or  Dis- 
tance  Across 
Flats 

STEEL 

IRON 

Weight  per  Foot 

Weight  per  Foot 

Round 

Square 

Hexagon  |     Octagon 

Round 

Square 

A 

.010 

.013 

.012 

.Oil 

.010 

.013 

i 

.042 

•053 

.046 

.044 

.041 

.052 

A 

.094 

.119 

.103 

.099 

.092 

.117 

i 

.167 

.212 

.185 

.177 

.164 

.208 

A 

.261 

•333 

.288 

.277 

.256 

.326 

t 

•375 

.478 

.414 

.398 

.368 

.469 

A 

•511 

.651 

.564 

•542 

.501 

.638 

i 

.667 

•850 

•737 

.708 

.654 

.833 

A 

.845 

1.076 

.932 

.896 

.828 

1-055 

4 

1.043 

1.328 

I.I5I 

1.107 

1.023 

1.302 

ft 

1.262 

i.  608 

1.393 

I-33I 

1-237 

1-576 

i 

1.502 

i.9i3 

1.658 

1-584 

1.473 

1.875 

« 

I-763 

2.245 

1.944 

i.  860 

1.728 

2.2OI 

» 

2.044 

2.603 

2.256 

2.156 

2.004 

2.552 

if 

2-347 

2.989 

2.591 

2.482 

2.301 

2.930 

I 

2.670 

3.400 

2.947 

2.817 

2.618 

3-333 

IT'S 

3-OI4 

3-838 

3-327 

3.182 

2-955 

3.763 

it 

3-379 

4-303 

3-73° 

3.568 

3.313 

4.219 

»A 

3.766 

4-795 

4.156 

3-977 

3-692 

4.701 

1} 

4.173 

5-312 

4.605 

4.407 

4.091 

5.208 

«A 

4.600 

5-857 

5-077 

4.858 

4-510 

5.742 

it 

5-°49 

6.428 

5.57i 

5-33i 

4-95° 

6.302 

iA 

5.5i8 

7.026 

6.091 

5-827 

5-4io 

6.888 

4 

6.008 

7.650 

6.631 

6-344 

5.890 

7.500 

iA 

6.520 

8.301 

7.195 

6.905 

6.392 

8.138 

if 

7-05I 

8.978 

7.776 

7.446 

6.913 

8.802 

«H 

7.604 

9.682 

8.392 

8.027 

7-455 

9.492 

1} 

8.178 

10.41 

9.025 

8-635 

8.018 

10.21 

iH 

8.773 

11.17 

9.682 

9.264 

8.601 

10-95 

if 

9.388 

H.95 

10.36 

q.9i8 

9.204 

11.72 

4* 

10.02 

12.76 

1  1.  06 

10.58 

9.828 

12.51 

2 

10.68 

13.60 

11.79 

11.28 

10.47 

13-33 

aj 

12.06 

15-35 

i3-3i 

12.71 

11.82 

ic.  05 

2i 

13.52 

17.22 

14.92 

14.24 

13-25 

16.88 

2f 

15.07 

19.18 

16.62 

15.88 

14-77 

18.80 

»} 

16.69 

21.25 

18.42 

17-65 

16.36 

20.83 

2| 

18.40 

23.43 

20.31 

19-45 

18.04 

22.97 

at 

20.20 

25-71 

22.29 

21.28 

19.80 

25.21 

2j 

22.07 

28.10 

24.36 

23.28 

21.64 

27-55 

3 

24.03 

30.60 

26.53 

25-36 

23.56 

30.00 

3i 

26.08 

33.20 

28.78 

27.50 

25-57 

32.55 

3i 

28.20 

35.92 

31.10 

29.28 

27.65 

35-21 

3l 

30.42 

38.78 

33-57 

32.10' 

29.82 

37-97 

3i 

32.71 

41.65    . 

36.10 

34.56 

'   32.07 

40.83 

31 

35-09 

44.68 

38.73 

37-05 

34.40 

43.80 

3f 

37.56 

47.82 

41-45 

39-68 

36.82 

46.88 

3* 

40.10 

51-05 

44.26 

42.35 

39.3i 

50-05 

4 

42.73 

54-40 

47.16 

45.12 

41.89 

53-33 

HORSE-POWER    OE    BELTING 


73 


HORSE-POWER  OF  BELTING 

Horse-power  which  may  be  transmitted  by  open  single  belts  to 
pulleys  running  100  revolutions  per  minute,  the  diameters  of  the 
driving  and  driven  pulley  being  equal. 

The  horse-power  of  double  belts  is  V°  of  that  given  in  the  table. 


0    >>« 

pO*.« 

Width  of  Belt,  in  Inches 

2 

3 

4 

5 

I     6 

8 

IO 

12 

HTF 

14 

16 
H.P 

18 

20 

22 

H.P. 

H.P. 

H.P. 

H.P. 

H.P 

H.P. 

H.P 

H.P 

H.P 

H.P. 

6 

•44 

•65 
76 

.87 

1.09 

127 

I-3I 

8 

•51 

fi-7 

16 

T  A.  C 

J*53 

j    7  r 

9 

•65 

.98 

•3i 

1.64 

1.97 

— 

— 









__ 

__ 

10 

•73 

1.09 

•45 

1.81 

2.18 

1  1 

8 

I  2 

5 

2 

2        A 

87 

2  l8 

2  62 

.07 

ft  C 

"3 

-75 
i  89 

14 

•95 
I.  O2 

1.52 

2.02 

2.53 

3.05 

— 

— 









_ 

__ 

T  C 

T  on 

I   64 

2  IQ 

2  7-2 

7  2O 

16 

T  7 

.16 

1.74 

i  8c 

2.32 

2.91 

3.48 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

*7 

18 

4 

i  06 

2.47 
2  62 

3-°9 

327 

3-7 

•39 

2.07 

2.76 

•2  1 
3-45 

4.14 

— 

— 









_ 

_ 

20 

o   T8 

2  OI 

3f\A 

476 

2  1 

C2 

7  82 

4r  Q 

22 

6 

2  4 

7  2 

6" 

2   C  I 

37  C 

4  18 

5  O2 

24 

•35 
3-5 

4-4 

.02 

5-2 

7- 

8-7 

10.5 

12.2 

14. 

16. 

17- 

IQ. 

25 

— 



3-6 

4-5 

5.5 

7-3 

9.1 

10.9 

12.7 

14.5 

— 

26 

— 



3-8 

4-7 

5-7 

7.6 

9-5 

11.3 

13.2 

I5-I 

— 

— 

— 

27 

— 



3-9 

4-9 

5.9 

7-8 

9.8 

n.8 

13-7 

15-6 

— 

— 



28 

— 



4.1 

5.1 

6.1 

8.1 

IO.2 

12.2 

14.3 

16.3 

— 

— 

— 

29 

— 



4.2 

5-3 

6-3 

8.4 

iP-5 

12.6 

14.8 

16.9 

— 

— 

— 

30 

— 



4.4 

5-4 

6.6 

8-7 

10.9 

I3-I 

15.3 

17.4 

IQ. 

22. 

24. 

31 

— 



4-5 

5-6 

6.8 

9- 

11.3 

13-5 

15.8 

18. 



32 

— 



4-7 

5-8 

7- 

9-3 

n.6 

14. 

I6..7 

18.6 







33 

— 



4-8 

6. 

7.2 

9.6 

12. 

144 

16.8 

19.2 







34 

— 



4.9 

6.2 

7-4 

9-9 

12.4 

14.8 

17.3 

19.8 





— 

35 

— 



5-1 

6.4 

7.6 

10.2 

12.7 

15-3 

17.9 

20.4 





— 

3^ 

— 



5-2 

6-5 

7-8 

10.5 

I3.I 

15-7 

18.3 

20.9 

24. 

26. 

2Q. 

37 

— 



5-4 

6-7 

8.1 

10.8 

13-5 

16.2 

i8.q 

21.  S 



38 

— 



5-5 

6.9 

8-3 

II.O 

3-8 

16.6 

19-3 

22.1 

25- 

28. 

70. 

39 

— 



5-7 

7.1 

8-5 

11.3 

14.2 

17- 

IQ.Q 

22.7 



40 

— 



5-8 

7-3 

8-7 

n.6 

14.6 

17.5 

20.4 

23-3 

26. 

2Q. 

32. 

42 

— 



6.1 

7.6 

9.2 

12.2 

15.3 

18.2 

21.4 

24-3 

28. 

3L 

34- 

44 

— 



6-4 

8. 

9.6 

12.8 

16. 

19.2 

22.4 

25-6 

29. 

32. 

3S- 

40 

— 



6-7 

8-4 

10. 

13-4 

16.8 

20.  i 

234 

26.8 



48 

— 



7- 

8.8 

10.4 

14. 

17.4 

21. 

24.4 

28. 

$1- 

35- 

78. 

50 

— 



7-2 

9. 

10.9 

14.6 

18.2 

21.8 

25-4 

29. 

33- 

36. 

40. 

54 

— 



7.8 

9.8 

n.8 

15-6 

19.6 

23.6 

26.4 

71.2 

35- 

3Q. 

43- 

60 

— 



8.8 

10.8 

13-1 

17.4 

21.8 

26.2 

7.0.6 

34-8 

39- 

44. 

48. 

66 

— 



9.6 

12. 

14.4 

19.2 

24. 

28.8 

33-6 

78.4 

43- 

48. 

S3- 

72 

— 



10.4 

T3- 

15.6 

21. 

26.2 

31.4 

*6.6 

41.8 

47- 

C,2. 

S8. 

78 

— 



11.4 

14.2 

17- 

22.6 

28.4 

34. 

3Q.8 

45-4 

S7- 

62. 

84 

— 



12.2 

15.2 

19-4 

24.4 

70.6 

76.4 

42.8 

48.6 

C.C. 

61. 

67. 

74 


CYANIDE    DATA 


HORSE-POWER  OF  TURNED  IRON  SHAFTING 

As  prime  mover  or  head  shaft  carrying  main  driving  pulley  or 
gear,  well  supported  by  bearings 


Formula:  H.  P.  = 


D3XR 
125 


Diam. 

Number  of  Revolutions  per  Minute 

of 

Shaft. 

60 

80 

IOO 

125 

150 

175 

200 

225 

250 

275 

300 

iH 

2.6 

3-4 

4-3 

5-4 

6-4 

7-5 

8.6 

9-7 

10.7 

n.8 

12.9 

l|-f 

3-8 

5.1 

6.4 

8. 

9.6 

II.  2 

12.8 

14.4 

16. 

17.6 

19.2 

2j\ 

5-4 

7-3 

8.1 

10. 

12. 

14. 

16. 

18. 

20. 

22. 

24. 

2  A 

7-5 

10. 

12.5 

15. 

18. 

22. 

25- 

28. 

31. 

34- 

37- 

2H 

10. 

13. 

16. 

20. 

24. 

28. 

32. 

36. 

40. 

44- 

48. 

4} 

13. 

17. 

20. 

25- 

30- 

35- 

40. 

45- 

50. 

55- 

60. 

3T<f 

16. 

22. 

27. 

34- 

40. 

47- 

54- 

61. 

67. 

74- 

81. 

sft 

.sit 

20. 
30. 

27. 
41. 

34- 

42. 
64. 

70! 

59- 
8q. 

68. 

IO2. 

76. 

85. 
127. 

93- 
140. 

IO2. 
153- 

4* 

43- 

58. 

72. 

QO. 

108. 

126. 

144. 

162. 

1  80. 

198. 

216. 

4rf 

60. 

80. 

IOO. 

125. 

150. 

175- 

2OO. 

225. 

250. 

275- 

300. 

_ 

80. 

106. 

133- 

166. 

199. 

233- 

266. 

299. 

333- 

366. 

400. 

As  second  movers  or  line  shafting,  bearings  8  feet  apart 

D3XR 


Formula:  H.  P.=  : 


90 


Diam. 


Number  of  Revolutions  per  Minute 


of 

Shaft. 

IOO 

125 

150 

175 

200 

225 

250 

275 

300 

325 

350 

.31 

6. 
8.9 

7-4 
ii.  i 

8.9 
13-3 

10.4 
15-5 

1  1.  9 
17.7 

13-4 
20. 

14.9 

22.2 

16.4 

24.4 

17.9 
26.6 

19.4 
28.8 

20.9 
3i- 

2& 

12.6 

15.8 

19. 

22. 

25- 

28. 

31- 

35- 

38. 

41. 

44- 

2& 

17- 

21. 

26. 

30. 

34- 

39- 

43- 

47- 

52. 

56. 

60. 

41 

23- 

29. 

34- 

40. 

46. 

52. 

58. 

64. 

69. 

75- 

81. 

41 

30. 

37- 

45- 

52. 

60. 

67. 

75- 

82. 

90. 

97- 

105. 

3fV 

38. 

47- 

57- 

66. 

76. 

85- 

95- 

104. 

114. 

123. 

133. 

3rt 

47- 

59- 

7i. 

83- 

95- 

107. 

119. 

131- 

143- 

i55- 

167. 

3ii 

58. 

73- 

88. 

IO2. 

117. 

132. 

146. 

162. 

176. 

190. 

205. 

3» 

7L 

89. 

107. 

125. 

142. 

1  60. 

178. 

196. 

213. 

231. 

249. 

GENERAL   REFERENCE  TABLES 


75 


SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  ROOTS,  CUBE  ROOTS,  CIRCUMFERENCES 
AND  CIRCULAR  AREAS  OF  Nos.  FROM  i  TO  520 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Sq.  Root 

Cube  Root 

CIRCLE 

Circum. 

Area 

I 

I 

I 

1  .0000 

.0000 

3.142 

0.7854 

2 

4 

8 

1.4142 

.2599 

6.283 

3.1416 

3 

9 

27 

1.7321 

.4422 

9425 

7.0686 

4 

16 

64 

2  .0000 

.5874 

12.566 

12.5664 

5 

25 

125 

2.2361 

.7100 

15.708 

19.6350 

6 

36 

216 

2.4495 

1.8171 

18.850 

28.2-743 

7 

49 

343 

2.6458 

1.9129 

21.991 

38.4845 

8 

64 

512 

2.8284 

2  .OOOO 

25-I33 

50-2655 

9 

81 

729 

3.0000 

2.0801 

28.274 

63-6I73 

10 

IOO 

1000 

3.1623 

2.1544 

31.416 

78.5398 

ii 

121 

1331 

3.3166 

2.224O 

34.558 

95-033 

12 

144 

1728 

3.4641 

2.2894 

37-699 

113.097 

13 

169 

2197 

3.6056 

2.3513 

40.841 

132.732 

14 

196 

2744 

3-74I7 

2.41©! 

43-982 

I53-938 

15 

225 

3375 

3-8730 

2.4662 

47.124 

176.715 

16 

256 

4096 

4.0OOO 

2.5198 

50.265 

201.062 

17 

289 

49*3 

4.I23I 

2.5713 

53-407 

226.980 

18 

324 

5832 

4.2426 

2.62O7 

56.549 

254.469 

iQ 

36l 

6859 

4.3589 

2.6684 

59.690 

283.529 

20 

40O 

8000 

44721 

2.7144 

62.832 

3I4.I59 

21 

441 

9261 

4.5826 

2.7589 

65^73 

346.361 

22 

484 

10648 

4.6904 

2.8O20 

69.115 

380.133 

23 

529 

12167 

4.7958 

2.8439 

72.257 

415476 

24 

576 

13824 

4.8990 

2.8845 

75.398 

452.389 

25 

625 

15625 

5.0000 

2.9240 

78.540 

490.874 

26 

676 

17576 

5.0990 

2.9625 

81.681 

530.929 

27 

729 

19683 

5.1962 

3.0000 

84.823 

572.555 

28 

784 

21952 

5-29I5 

3.0366 

87.965 

6i5-752 

29 

•841 

24389 

5.3852 

3.0723 

91.106 

660.520 

30 

900 

27000 

5-4772 

3.1072 

94.248 

706.858 

31 

961 

29791 

5.5678 

3-I4i4 

90.389 

754.768 

32 

IO24 

32768 

5.6569 

3-I748 

100.531 

804.248 

33 

1089 

35937 

5.7446 

3-2075 

103.673 

855-299 

34 

1156 

39304 

5.83IO 

3.2396 

106.814 

907.920 

35 

1225 

42875 

5.9161 

3-2711 

109.956 

962.113 

36 

I2O6 

46656 

6.0000 

3-30I9 

113.097 

1017.88 

37 

1369 

50653 

6.0828 

3-3322 

116.239 

1075.  2i 

38 

1444 

54872 

6.1644 

3.3620 

119.381 

II34.II 

39 

1521 

593^9 

6.2450 

3-3912 

122.522 

1194.59 

40 

I60O 

64000 

6.3246 

3.4200 

125.660 

1256.64 

76 


CYANIDE    DATA 


SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  ROOTS,  CUBE  ROOTS,  CIRCUMFERENCES 
AND  CIRCULAR  AREAS  OF  Nos.  FROM  i  TO  520 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Sq.  Root 

Cube  Root 

CIRCLE 

Circum. 

Area 

41 

1681 

68921 

6.4031 

3.4482 

128.81 

1320.25 

42 

1764 

74088 

6.4807 

3.4760 

I3L95 

I385-44 

43 

1849 

795°7 

6-5574 

3-5034 

I35-09 

1452.20 

44 

1936 

85184 

6.6332 

3-5303 

138.23 

1520.53 

45 

2025 

91125 

6.7082 

3-5569 

I4I-37 

I590-43 

46 

2116 

97336 

6.7823 

3-5830 

I44-51 

1661.90 

47 

2209 

103823 

6.8557 

3.6088 

I47-65 

1734.94 

48 

2304 

110592 

6.9282 

3-6342 

150.80 

1809.56 

49 

2401 

117649 

7.0000 

3-6CQ3 

153-94 

1885.74 

50 

2500 

125000 

7.0711 

3.6840 

157.08 

1963.50 

5i 

2601 

132651 

7.1414 

3.7084 

160.22 

2042.82 

52 

2704 

140608 

7.2111 

3-7325 

163.36 

2123.72 

53 

2809 

148877 

7.2801 

3-7563 

166.50 

2206.18 

54 

2916 

157464 

7-3485 

3-7798 

169.65 

2290.22 

55 

3025 

166375 

7.4162 

3.8030 

172.79 

2375.83 

56 

3136 

175616 

74833 

3-8259 

175-93 

2463.01 

57  . 

3249 

l85i93 

7.5498 

3-8485 

179.07 

255L76 

58 

3364 

195112 

7.6158 

3-8709 

182.21 

2642.08 

59 

3481 

205379 

7.6811 

3-8930 

185.35 

2733.97 

60 

3600 

216000 

7.7460 

3-9!49 

188.50 

2827.43 

61 

3721 

226981 

7.8102 

3-9365 

191.64 

2922.47 

62 

3844 

238328 

7.8740 

3-9579 

194.78 

3019.07 

63 

3969 

250047 

7-9373 

3.9791 

197.92 

3H7-25 

64 

4096 

262144 

8.0000 

4.0000 

201.06 

3216.99 

65 

4225 

274625 

8.0623 

4.0207 

204.20 

33I8.3I 

66 

4356 

287496 

8.1240 

4.0412 

207.35 

3421.19 

67 

4489 

300763 

8.1854 

4.0615 

210.49 

3525-65 

68 

4624 

3*4432 

8.2462 

4.0817 

213.63 

3631.68 

69 

4761 

328509 

8.3066 

4.1016 

216.77 

3739-28 

70 

4900 

343000 

8.3666 

4.1213 

219.91 

3848.45 

7i 

5°4i 

3579H 

8.4261 

4.1408 

223.05 

3959-19 

72 

5184 

373248 

8.4853 

4.1602 

226.19 

4071.50 

73 

5329 

389017 

8.5440 

4.1793 

229.34 

4185.39 

74 

5476 

405224 

8.6023 

4.1983 

232.48 

4300.84 

75 

5625 

421875 

8.6603 

4.2172 

235.62 

4417.86 

76 

5776 

438976 

8.7178 

4-2358 

238.76 

4536.46 

77 

5929 

456533 

8.7750 

4.2543 

241.90 

4656.63 

78 

6084 

474552 

8.8318 

4.2727 

245.04 

4778.36 

79 

6241 

493039 

8.8882 

4.2908 

248.19 

4901.67 

80 

6400 

512000 

8.9443 

4.3089 

25I-33 

5026.55 

GENERAL  REFERENCE  TABLES 


77 


SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  ROOTS,  CUBE  ROOTS,  CIRCUMFERENCES 
AND  CIRCULAR  AREAS  OF  Nos.  FROM  i  TO  520 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Sq.  Root 

Cube  Root 

CIRCLE 

Circum. 

Area 

81 

6561 

53T44i 

9.0000 

4.3267 

25447 

5I53-00 

82 

6724 

551368 

9-0554 

4-3445 

257.61 

5281.02 

83 

6889 

571/87 

9.1104 

4.3621 

260.75 

5410.61 

84 

7056 

592704 

9.1652 

4-3795 

263.89 

5541-77 

85 

7225 

614125 

9.2195 

4.3968 

267.04 

5674.50 

86 

7396 

636056 

9.2736 

4.4140 

270.18 

5808.80 

87 

7569 

658503 

9-3274 

4.4310 

273.32 

5944-68 

88 

7744 

681472 

9.3808 

4.4480 

276.46 

6082.12 

89 

7921 

704969 

9.4340 

4.4647 

279.60 

6221.14 

90 

8100 

729000 

9.4868 

4.4814 

282.74 

6361.73 

9i 

8281 

753571 

9-5394 

4-4979 

285.88 

6503.88 

92 

8464 

778688 

9-59I7 

4-5*44 

289.03 

6647.61 

93 

8649 

804357 

9-6437 

4.5307 

292.17 

6792.91 

94 

8836 

830584 

9-6954 

4.5468 

295-3I 

6939.78 

95 

9025 

857375 

9.7468 

4-5629 

298.45 

7088.22 

96 

9216 

884736 

9.7980 

4.5789 

3OI-59 

7238.23 

97 

9409 

912673 

9.8489 

4-5947 

304-73 

7389-81 

98 

9604 

941192 

9.8995 

4.6104 

307.88 

7542.96 

99 

9801 

970299 

9-9499 

4.6261 

311.02 

7697.69 

100 

1  0000 

IOOOOOO 

IO.OOOO 

4.6416 

314.16 

7853.98 

IOI 

IO20I 

1030301 

10.0499 

4.6570 

3I7-30 

8011.85 

102 

IO404 

1061208 

10.0995 

4-6723 

320.44 

8171.28 

103 

10609 

1092727 

10.1489 

4.6875 

323.58 

8332.29 

104 

I08I6 

1124864 

10.1980 

4-7027 

326.73 

8494.87 

105 

IIO25 

1157625 

10.2470 

4.7177 

329.87 

8659.01 

106 

II236 

1191016 

10.2956 

4.7326 

333-01 

8824.73 

107 

II449 

1225043 

10.3441 

4-7475 

336.15 

8992.02 

108 

11664 

1259712 

10.3923 

4.7622 

339-29 

9160.88 

109 

Il88l 

1295029 

10.4403 

4.7769 

342.43 

933J-32 

no 

I2IOO 

1331000 

10.4881 

4.7914 

345.58 

9503-32 

III 

I232I 

1367631 

10.5357 

4.8059 

348.72 

9676.89 

112 

12544 

1404028 

10.5830 

4.8203 

351-86 

9852.03 

H3 

12769 

1442897 

10.6301 

4.8346 

355-00 

10028.7 

114 

12996 

1481544 

10.6771 

4.8488 

358.14 

10207.0 

H5 

I3225 

1520875 

10.7238 

4.8629 

361.28 

10386.9 

116 

13456 

1560896 

10.7703 

4.8770 

364.42 

10568.3 

117 

13689 

1601613 

10.8167 

4.8910 

367-57 

10751-3 

118 

13924 

1643032 

10.8628 

4.9049 

370.71 

10935.9 

119 

I4l6l 

1685159 

10.9087 

4.9187 

373-85 

III22.0 

1  20 

14400 

1728000 

10.9545 

4.9324 

376.99 

11309.7 

CYANIDE    DATA 


SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  ROOTS,  CUBE  ROOTS,  CIRCUMFERENCES 
AND  CIRCULAR  AREAS  OF  Nos.  FROM  i  TO  520 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Sq.  Root 

Cube  Root 

CIRCLE 

Circum. 

Area 

121 

14641 

1771561 

1  1  .0000 

4.9461 

380.13 

11499.0 

122 

14884 

1815848 

11.0454 

4-9597 

383.27 

1  1  689  .9 

123 

I5I2Q 

1860867 

1  1  .0905 

,4-9732 

386.42 

11882.3 

124 

15376 

1906624 

H-I355 

4.9866 

389.56 

12076.3 

125 

15625 

I953I25 

11.1803 

5  .0000 

392.70 

12271.8 

126 

15876 

2000376 

11.2250 

5-oi33 

395-84 

12469.0 

127 

16129 

2048383 

11.2694 

5.0265 

398.98 

12667.7 

128 

16384 

2097152 

II-3I37 

5-0397 

402.12 

12868.0 

I29 

16641 

2146689 

H.3578 

5.0528 

405.27 

13069.8 

I30 

16900 

2197000 

11.4018 

5.0658 

408.41 

13273.2 

131 

17161 

2248091 

n-4455 

5.0788 

411-55 

13478.2 

I32 

17424 

2299968 

1  1  .489  1 

5.0916 

414.69 

13684.8 

133 

17689 

2352637 

11.5326 

5-1045 

417.83 

13892.9 

134 

17956 

2406104 

II-5758 

5.1172 

420.97 

14102.6 

135 

18225 

2460375 

11.6190 

5.1299 

424.12 

U3I3-9 

I36 

18496 

2515456 

11.6619 

5.1426 

427.26 

14526.7 

137 

18769 

2571353 

11.7047 

5.i55i 

430.40 

14741.1 

138 

19044 

2628072 

n-7473 

5.1676 

433-54 

I4957.I 

139 

19321 

2685619 

11.7898 

5.1801 

436.68 

I5I74.7 

I4O 

19600 

2744000 

11.8322 

5-J925 

439.82 

15393.8 

141 

19881 

2803221 

11.8743 

5.2048 

442.96 

I56I4.5 

142 

20164 

2863288 

1  1  .9  1  64 

5.2171 

446.11 

15836.8 

143 

20449 

2924207 

11-9583 

5.2293 

449.25 

16060.6 

144 

20736 

2985984 

1  2  .OOOO 

5.2415 

452.39 

16286.0 

145 

21025 

3048625 

I2.O4l6 

5-2536 

455-53 

16513.0 

146 

21316 

3112136 

1  2  .0830 

5.2656 

458.67 

16741.5 

147 

21609 

3176523 

12.1244 

5.2776 

461.81 

16971.7 

148 

21904 

3241792 

12.1655 

5.2896 

464.96 

17203.4 

149 

22201 

3307949 

I2.2O66 

5.3015 

468.10 

17436.6 

*5o 

225OO 

337500° 

12.2474 

5-3I33 

471.24 

17671.5 

151 

228OI 

344295  I 

12.2882 

5-3251 

474.38 

17907.9 

152 

23104 

3511808 

12.3288 

5-3368 

477-52 

18145.8 

J53 

23409 

358I577 

12.3693 

5-3485 

480.66 

18385-4 

i54 

23716 

3652264 

12.4097 

5-36oi 

483.81 

18626.5 

i55 

24025 

3723875 

12.4499 

5-37I7 

486.95 

18869.2 

156 

24336 

3796416 

1  2  .4900 

5-3832 

490.09 

19113.4 

*57 

24649 

3869893 

12.5300 

5-3947 

493-23 

19359.3 

158 

24964 

3944312 

12.5698 

5.4061 

496.37 

19606.7 

i59 

25281 

4019679 

12.6095 

54I75 

499-51 

19855.7 

1  60 

25600 

4096000 

12.6491 

5.4288 

502.65 

20106.2 

GENERAL  REFERENCE  TABLES 


SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  ROOTS,  CUBE  ROOTS,  CIRCUMFERENCES 
AND  CIRCULAR  AREAS  OF  Nos.  FROM  i  TO  520 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Sq.  Root 

Cube  Root 

CIRCLE 

Circum. 

Area 

161 

25921 

4173281 

12.6886 

5.4401 

505.80 

20358.3 

162 

26244 

4251528 

12.7279 

5-45I4 

508.94 

20612.0 

163 

26569 

433°747 

12.7671 

5.4626 

512.08 

20867.2 

164 

26896 

4410944 

1  2  .8062 

5-4737 

5I5'22 

21124.1 

165 

27225 

4492125 

12.8452 

5.4848 

518.36 

21382.5 

1  66 

27556 

4574296 

12.8841 

5-4959 

521.50 

21642.4 

167 

27889 

4657463 

12.9228 

5-5069 

524.65 

21904.0 

1  68 

23224 

4741632 

12.9615 

5.5178 

527-79 

22167.1 

169 

28561 

4826809 

13.0000 

5-5288 

530-93 

22431.8 

170 

28900 

4913000 

13.0384 

5-5397 

534.07 

22698.0 

171 

29241 

5000211 

13.0767 

5-5505 

537-21 

22965.8 

172 

29584 

5088448 

13.1149 

5-56i3 

540.35 

23235-2 

173 

29929 

5I777I7 

I3-I529 

5-5721 

543-50 

23506.2 

174 

30276 

5268024 

13.1909 

5-5828 

546.64 

23778.7 

175 

30625 

5359375 

13.2288 

5-5934 

549.78 

24052.8 

176 

30976 

5451776 

13.2665 

5-6041 

552-92 

24328.5 

177 

31329 

5545233 

I3-304I 

5-6i47 

556.06 

24605.7 

178 

31684 

5639752 

I3-34I7 

5-6252 

559-20 

24884.6 

179 

32041 

5735339 

I3-379I 

5-6357 

562.35 

25164.9 

1  80 

32400 

5832000 

13.4164 

5.6462 

56549 

25446.9 

181 

32761 

5929741 

I3-4536 

5-6567 

568.63 

25730-4 

182 

33124 

6028568 

13.4907 

5.6671 

571-77 

26015.5 

183 

33489 

6128487 

I3-5277 

5-6774 

574.91 

26302.2 

184 

33856 

6229504 

I3-5647 

5.6877 

578-05 

26590.4 

185 

34225 

6331625 

13.6015 

5.6980 

581.19 

26880.3 

186 

34596 

6434856 

13.6382 

5-7083 

584-34 

27171.6 

187 

34969 

6539203 

13.6748 

5.7185 

587.48 

27464.6 

188 

35344 

6644672 

i3-7IJ3 

5-7287 

590.62 

27759.1 

189 

35721 

6751269 

13-7477 

57388 

593-76 

28055.2 

190 

36100 

6859000 

15.7840 

5-7489 

596.90 

28352.9 

191 

36481 

6967871 

13.8203 

5-7590 

600.04 

28652.1 

192 

36864 

7077888 

13.8564 

5-7690 

603.19 

28952.9 

193 

37249 

7189057 

13.8924 

5-779° 

606.33 

29255-3 

194 

37636 

7301384 

13.9284 

5-7890  , 

609.47 

295^9-2 

195 

38025 

74M875 

13.9642 

5-7989 

612.61 

29864.8 

196 

38416 

7529536 

14.0000 

5.8088 

6i5.75 

30171.9 

197 

38809 

7645373 

I4-0357 

5.8186 

618.89 

30480.5 

198 

39204 

7762392 

14.0712 

5-8285 

622.04 

30790.7 

199 

39601 

7880599 

14.1067 

5-8383 

625.18 

31102.6 

200 

40000 

8000000 

14.1421 

5.8480 

628.32 

3J4i5-9 

8o 


CYANIDE    DATA 


SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  ROOTS,  CUBE  ROOTS,  CIRCUMFERENCES 
AND  CIRCULAR  AREAS  OF  Nos.  FROM  i  TO  520 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Sq.  Root 

Cube  Root 

CIRCLE 

Circum. 

Area 

2OI 

40401 

8120601 

14.1774 

5.8578 

631.46 

31730-9 

2O2 

40804 

8242408 

14.2127 

5.8675 

634.60 

32047.4 

203 

41209 

8365427 

14.2478 

5.8771 

637-74 

32365.5 

2O4 

41616 

8489664 

14.2829 

5.8868 

640.89 

32685.1 

2O5 

42025 

8615125 

14.3178 

5.8964 

644.03 

33006.4 

2O6 

42436 

8741816 

14.3527 

5-9059 

647-17 

33329-2 

207 

42849 

8869743 

I4-3875 

5-9I55 

650.31 

33653-5 

208 

43264 

8998912 

14.4222 

5-9250 

653-45 

33979-5 

209 

43681 

9129329 

14.4568 

5-9345 

656.59 

34307-0 

210 

44100 

9261000 

14.4914 

5-9439 

659-73 

34636.1 

211 

44521 

9393931 

14.5258 

5-9533 

662.88 

34966.7 

212 

44944 

9528128 

14.5602 

5.9627 

666.02 

35298.9 

2I3 

45369 

9663597 

14-5945 

5-9721 

669.16 

35632.7 

214 

45796 

9800344 

14.6287 

5.9814 

672.30 

35968.1 

215 

46225 

9938375 

14.6629 

5-9907 

675-44 

36305-0 

216 

46656 

10077696 

14.6969 

6.0000 

678.58 

36643.5 

217 

47089 

10218313 

14.7309 

6.0092 

681.73 

36983.6 

218 

47524 

10360232 

14.7648 

6.0185 

684.87 

37325.3 

219 

47961 

10503459 

14.7986 

6.0277 

688.01 

37668.5 

22O 

48400 

10648000 

14.8324 

6.0368 

691.15 

38013.3 

221 

48841 

10793861 

14.8661 

6.0459 

694.29 

38359-6 

222 

49284 

10941048 

14.8997 

6.0550 

697-43 

38707.6 

223 

49729 

11089567 

U.9332 

6.0641 

700.58 

39057.1 

224 

50176 

11239424 

14.9666 

6.0732 

703.72 

39408.1 

225 

50625 

11390625 

15.0000 

6.0822 

706.86 

3976o.8 

226 

51076 

11543176 

1  5  -°333 

6.0912 

710.00 

40115.0 

227 

51529 

11697083 

15.0665 

6.IO02 

7i3-i4 

40470.8 

228 

5*984 

11852352 

15.0997 

6.1091 

716.28 

40828.1 

229 

52441 

12008989 

15-1327 

6.1180 

719.42 

41187.1 

230 

52900 

12167000 

15.1658 

6.1269 

722.57 

41547.6 

23I 

5336i 

12326391 

15.1987 

6.1358 

725-7I 

41909.6 

232 

53824 

12487168 

15-2315 

6.1446 

728.85 

42273.3 

233 

54289 

12649337 

15.2643 

6.1534 

731-99 

42638.5 

234 

54756 

12812904 

15.2971 

6.1622 

735-13 

43°°5  -3 

235 

55225 

12977875 

15-3297 

6.1710 

738.27 

43373-6 

236 

55696 

13144256 

15-3623 

6.1797 

741.42 

43743-5 

237 

56169 

13312053 

I5-3948 

6.1885 

744.56 

44115.0 

238 

56644 

13481272 

15.4272 

6.1972 

747.70 

44488.1 

239 

57121 

13651919 

I5-4596 

6.2058 

750.84 

44862.7 

24O 

576oo 

13824000 

15.4919 

6.2145 

753-98 

45238-9 

GENERAL   REFERENCE  TABLES 


8l 


SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  ROOTS,  CUBE  ROOTS,  CIRCUMFERENCES 
AND  CIRCULAR  AREAS  or  Nos.  FROM  i  TO  520 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Sq.  Root 

Cube  Root 

CIRCLE 

Circum. 

Area 

241 

58081 

I399752I 

15.5242 

6.2231 

757-12 

456l6.7 

242 

58564 

14172488 

I5-5563 

6.2317 

760.27 

45996.1 

243 

59049 

14348907 

15.5885 

6.2403 

763-41 

46377.0 

244 

59536 

14526784 

15.6205 

6.2488 

766.55 

46759.5 

245 

60025 

14706125 

I5-6525 

6-2573 

769.69 

47M3.5 

246 

60516 

14886936 

15.6844 

6.2658 

772.83 

-47529-2 

247 

61009 

15069223 

15.7162 

6.2743 

775-97 

47916.4 

248 

61504 

15252992 

15.7480 

6.2828 

779.12 

48305.1 

249 

62001 

15438249 

15-7797 

6.2912 

782.26 

48695.5 

250 

62500 

15625000 

15,8114 

6.2996 

785-40 

49087.4 

251 

63001 

I58I325I 

15.8430 

6.3080 

788.54 

49480.9 

252 

63504 

16003008 

15-8745 

6.3164 

791.68 

49875-9 

253 

64009 

16194277 

15.9060 

6.3247 

794.82 

50272.6 

254 

64516 

16387064 

15-9374 

6-333° 

797.96 

50670.7 

255 

65025 

16581375 

15.9687 

6.3413 

801.11 

51070.5 

256 

65536 

16777216 

I6.000O 

6.3496 

804.25 

5i47r-9 

257 

66049 

l6974593 

16.0312 

6-3579 

807.39 

51874.8 

258 

66564 

17173512 

16.0624 

6.3661 

810.53 

52279-2 

259 

67081 

J7373979 

16.0935 

6-3743 

813.67 

52685.3 

260 

67600 

17576000 

16.1245 

6-3825 

816.81 

53092-9 

261 

68121 

17779581 

16.1555 

6.3907 

819.96 

53502.1 

262 

68644 

17984728 

16.1864 

6.3988 

823.10 

53912.9 

263 

69169 

18191447 

16.2173 

6.4070 

826.24 

54325.2 

264 

69696 

18399744 

16.2481 

6.4151 

829.38 

54739-1 

265 

70225 

18609625 

16.2788 

6.4232 

832.52 

55*54.6 

266 

70756 

18821096 

16.3095 

6.4312 

835.66 

55571.6 

267 

71289 

19034163 

16.3401 

6-4393 

838.81 

55990.3 

268 

71824 

19248832 

16.3707 

6-4473 

841.95 

56410.4 

269 

72361 

19465109 

16.4012 

6-4553 

845-09 

56832.2 

270 

72900 

19683000 

16.4317 

6-4633 

848.23 

57255.5 

271 

73441 

19902511 

16.4621 

6.47J3 

85L37 

57680.4 

272 

73984 

20123648 

16.4924 

6.4792 

854-51 

58106.9 

273 

74529 

20346417 

16.5227 

6.4872 

857.66 

58534.9 

274 

75076 

20570824 

16.5529 

64951 

860.80 

58964.6 

275 

75625 

20796875 

16.5831 

6.5030 

863.94 

59395-7 

276 

76176 

21024576 

16.6132 

6.5108 

867.08 

59828.5 

277 

76729 

21253933 

16.6433 

6.5187 

870.22 

60262.8 

278 

77284 

21484952 

16.6733 

6.5265 

873.36 

60698.7 

279 

77841 

21717639 

16.7033 

6-5343 

876.50 

61136.2 

280 

78400 

21952000 

16.7332 

6.5421 

879.65 

6i575-2 

82 


CYANIDE   DATA 


SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  ROOTS,  CUBE  ROOTS,  CIRCUMFERENCES 
AND  CIRCULAR  AREAS  OF  Nos.  FROM  i  TO  520 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Sq.  Root 

Cube  Root 

CIRCLE 

Circum. 

Area 

281 

78961 

22188041 

16.7631 

6.5499 

882.79 

62015.8 

282 

79524 

22425768 

16.7929 

6-5577 

885.93 

62458.0 

283 

80089 

22665187 

16.8226 

6-5654 

889.07 

62901.8 

284 

80656 

22906304 

16.8523 

6.5731 

892.21 

63347-I 

285 

81225 

23149125 

16.8819 

6.5808 

895.35 

63794.0 

286 

81796 

23393656 

16.9115 

6.5885 

898.50 

64242.4 

287 

82369 

23639903 

16.9411 

6.5962 

901.64 

64692.5 

288 

82944 

23887872 

16.9706 

6.6039 

904.78 

65144.1 

289 

83521 

24137569 

1  7  .0000 

6.6115 

907.92 

65597-2 

290 

84100 

24389000 

17.0294 

6.6191 

911  .06 

66052.0 

291 

84681 

24642171 

17.0587 

6.6267 

914.20 

66508.3 

292 

85264 

24897088 

17.0880 

6.6343 

9I7-35 

66966.2 

293 

85849 

25153757 

17.1172 

6.6419 

920.49 

67425.6 

294 

86436 

25412184 

17.1464 

6.6494 

923.63 

67886.7 

295 

87025 

25672375 

17.1756 

6.6569 

926.77 

68349-3 

296 

87616 

25934336 

17.2047 

6.6644 

929.91 

68813.5 

297 

88209 

26198073 

17-2337 

6.6719 

933-05 

69279.2 

298 

88804 

26463592 

17.2627 

6.6794 

936.19 

69746.5 

299 

89401 

26730899 

17.2916 

6.6869 

939-34 

70215.4 

300 

90000 

27000000 

17.3205 

6.6943 

942.48 

70685.8 

301 

90601 

27270901 

17-3494 

6.7018 

945.62 

7II57-9 

302 

91204 

27543608 

17.3781 

6.7092 

948.76 

71631.5 

3°3 

91809 

27818127 

17.4069 

6.7166 

951.90 

72106.6 

3°4 

92416 

28094464 

I7-4356 

6,7240 

955-04 

725834 

305 

93025 

28372625 

17.4642 

6.7313 

958.19 

73061.7 

306 

93636 

28652616 

17.4929 

6.7387 

96i.33 

73541-5 

307 

94249 

28934443 

17.5214 

6.7460 

964.47 

74023.0 

308 

94864 

29218112 

17-5499 

6-7533 

967.61 

74506.0 

3°9 

9548l 

29503629 

17.5784 

6.7606 

970.75 

74990.6 

310 

96100 

29791000 

17.6068 

6.7679 

973-89 

75476.8 

31* 

96721 

30080231 

17.6352 

6-7752 

977-04 

75964.5 

312 

97344 

30371328 

17.6635 

6.7824 

980.18 

76453-8 

3i3 

97969 

30664297 

17.6918 

6.7897 

983-32 

769447 

3H 

98596 

30959144 

17.7200 

6.7969 

986.46 

77437-1 

3i5 

99225 

31255875 

17.7482 

6.8041 

989.60 

77931.1 

316 

99856 

3^54496 

17.7764 

6.8113 

992.74 

78426.7 

3i7 

100489 

31855013 

17.8045 

6.8185 

995-88 

78923.9 

3i8 

101124 

32157432 

17.8326 

6.8256 

999-03 

79422.6 

3i9 

101761 

32461759 

17.8606 

6.8328 

IO02.2O 

79922.9 

320 

102400 

32768000 

17.8885 

6.8399 

1005.30 

80424.8 

GENERAL  REFERENCE  TABLES 


SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  ROOTS,  CUBE  ROOTS,  CIRCUMFERENCES 
AND  CIRCULAR  AREAS  OF  Nos.  FROM  i  TO  520 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Sq.  Root 

Cube  Root 

CIRCLE 

Circum. 

Area 

321 

103041 

33076161 

17.9165 

6.8470 

1008.5 

80928.2 

322 

103684 

33386248 

17.9444 

6.8541 

ioii.6 

81433.2 

323 

104329 

33698267 

17.9722 

6.8612 

1014.7 

81939.8 

324 

104976 

34012224 

iS.OOOO 

6.8683 

1017.9 

82448.0 

325 

105625 

34328125 

18.0278 

6.8753 

I02I.O 

82957.7 

326 

106276 

34645976 

18.0555 

6.8824 

IO24.2 

83469.0 

327 

106929 

34965783 

18.0831 

6.8894 

1027.3 

83981.8 

328 

107584 

35287552 

18.1108 

6.8964 

1030.4 

84496.3 

329 

108241 

35611289 

18.1384 

6.9034 

1033.6 

85012.3 

33° 

108900 

35937000 

18.1659 

6.9104 

1036.7 

85529-9 

331 

109561 

36264691 

18.1934 

6.9174 

1039.9 

86049.0 

332 

110224 

36594368 

18.2209 

6.9244 

IO43.O 

86569.7 

333 

110889 

36926037 

18.2483 

6.9313 

1046.2 

87092.0 

334 

HI556 

37259704 

18.2757 

6.9382 

1049.3 

87615-9 

335 

112225 

37595375 

18.3030 

6.9451 

1052.4 

88141.3 

336 

112896 

37933056 

18.3303 

6.9521 

1055-6 

88668.3 

337 

H3569 

38272753 

18.3576 

6.9589 

1058.7 

89196.9 

338 

114244 

38614472 

18.3848 

6.9658 

1061.9 

89727.0 

339 

114921 

38958219 

18.4120 

6.9727 

1065.0 

90258.7 

340 

115600 

39304000 

18.4391 

6-9795 

1068.  1 

90792.0 

34i 

116281 

39651821 

18.4662 

6.9864 

I07I.3 

91326.9 

342 

116964 

40001688 

18.4932 

6.9932 

1074.4 

91863.3 

343 

117649 

40353607 

18.5203 

7  .0000 

1077.6 

92401.3 

344 

118336 

40707584 

18.5472 

7.0068 

1080.7 

92940.9 

345 

119025 

41063625 

18.5742 

7.0136 

1083.8 

93482.0 

346 

119716 

41421736 

18.6011 

7.0203 

1087.0 

94024.7 

347 

120409 

41781923 

18.6279 

7.0271 

IO90.I 

94569.0 

348 

121104 

42144192 

18.6548 

7-0338 

1093-3 

95114.9 

349 

121801 

42508549 

18.6815 

7  .0406 

1096.4 

95662.3 

350 

122500 

42875000 

18.7083 

7-0473 

1099.6 

96211.3 

35i 

123201 

43243551 

18.7350 

7.0540 

II02.7 

96761.8 

352 

123904 

43614208 

18.7617 

7.0607 

II05.8 

97314.0 

353 

124609 

43986977 

18.7883 

7.0674 

IIO9.O 

97867.7 

354 

125316 

44361864 

18.8149 

7.0740 

III2.I 

98423.0 

355 

126025 

44738875 

18.8414 

7.0807 

IH5-3 

98979.8 

356 

126736 

45118016 

18.8680 

7.0873 

IIl8.4 

99538.2 

357 

127449 

45499293 

18.8944 

7.0940 

II2I.5 

100098 

358 

128164 

45882712 

18.9209 

7.1006 

II24.7 

100660 

359 

128881 

46268279 

18.9473 

7.1072 

II27.8 

101223 

360 

129600 

46656000 

18.9737 

7.1138 

II3I.O 

101788 

84 


CYANIDE    DATA 


SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  ROOTS,  CUBE  ROOTS,  CIRCUMFERENCES 
AND  CIRCULAR  AREAS  OF  Nos.  FROM  i  TO  520 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Sq.  Root 

Cube  Root 

CIRCLE 

Circum. 

Area 

361 

130321 

47045881 

19.0000 

7.1204 

1134.1 

102354 

362 

131044 

47437928 

19.0263 

7.1269 

II37-3 

102922 

363 

131769 

47832147 

19.0526 

7-1335 

1140.4 

103491 

364 

132496 

48228544 

19.0788 

7.1400 

1  143-5 

104062 

365 

I33225 

48627125 

19.1050 

7.1466 

1146.7 

104635 

366 

133956 

49027896 

19.1311 

7-I53I 

1149.8 

105209 

367 

134689 

49430863 

19.1572 

7-I596 

II53-0 

105785 

368 

135424 

49836032 

19-1833 

7.1661 

1156.1 

106362 

369 

136161 

50243409 

19.2094 

7.1726 

1159.2 

106941 

370 

136900 

50653000 

I9-2354 

7.1791 

1162.4 

107521 

37i 

137641 

51064811 

19.2614 

7.1855 

1165.5 

108103 

372 

138384 

51478848 

19.2873 

7.1920 

1168.7 

108687 

373 

139129 

51895117 

19.3132 

7.1984 

1171.8 

109272 

374 

139876 

52313624 

I9-339I 

7.2048 

1175.0 

109858 

375 

140625 

52734375 

19.3649 

7.2112 

1178.1 

110447 

376 

141376 

53157376 

19.3907 

7.2177 

1181.2 

111036 

377 

142129 

53582633 

19.4165 

7.2240 

1184.4 

111628 

378 

142884 

54010152 

19.4422 

7.2304 

•1187.5 

II222I 

379 

143641 

54439939 

19.4679 

7.2368 

1190.7 

II28l5 

380 

144400 

54872000 

19.4936 

7.2432 

1193.8 

II34II 

38i 

145161 

5530634i 

19.5192 

7-2495 

1196.9 

II4OO9 

382 

145924 

55742968 

19.5448 

7.2558 

1200.  1 

II4608 

383 

146689 

56181887 

19.5704 

7.2622 

1203.2 

II5209 

384 

147456 

56623104 

19-5959 

7-2685 

I2O6.4 

II58I2 

385 

148225 

57066625 

19.6214 

7-2748 

1209.5 

116416 

386 

148996 

57512456 

19.6469 

7.2811 

I2I2.7 

II7O2I 

387 

149769 

57960603 

19.6723 

7.2874 

I2I5.8 

II7628 

388 

I50544 

58411072 

19.6977 

7.2936 

I2l8.9 

II8237 

389 

15^21 

58863869 

19.7231 

7.2999 

1222.  1 

118847 

390 

152100 

59319000 

19.7484 

7.3061 

1225.2 

H9459 

39i 

152881 

59776471 

19-7737 

7-3I24 

1228.4 

120072 

392 

I53664 

60236288 

19.7990 

7.3186 

I23I-5 

120687 

393 

154449 

60698457 

19.8242 

7.3248 

1234-6 

I2I304 

394 

155236 

61162984 

19.8494 

7-3310 

1237.8 

I2I922 

395 

156025 

61629875 

19.8746 

7-3372 

1240.9 

122542 

39<5 

156816 

62099136 

19.8997 

7-3434 

I244.I 

123163 

397 

157609 

62570773 

19.9249 

7-3496 

1247.2 

I23786 

398 

158404 

63044792 

19.9499 

7.3558 

1250.4 

I244IO 

399 

159201 

63521199 

19.9750 

7.3619 

1253.5 

125036 

400 

I  60000 

64000000 

2O.OOOO 

7.3684 

1256.6 

125664 

GENERAL  REFERENCE  TABLES 


SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  ROOTS,  CUBE  ROOTS.  CIRCUMFERENCES, 
AND  CIRCULAR  AREAS  OF  Nos.  FROM  i  TO  520 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Sq.  Root 

Cube  Root 

CIRCLE 

Circum. 

Area 

401 

160801 

64481201 

20.0250 

7-3742 

1259.8 

126293 

402 

161604 

64964808 

20.0499 

7.3803 

1262.9 

126923 

403 

162409 

65450827 

20.0749 

7.3864 

1266.1 

127556 

404 

163216 

65939264 

20.0998 

7.3925 

1269.2 

128190 

405 

164025 

66430125 

20.1246 

7.3986 

1272.3 

128825 

406 

164836 

66923416 

20.1494 

7.4047 

1275.5 

129462 

407 

165649 

67419143 

20.1742 

7.4108 

1278.6 

130100 

408 

166464 

67917312 

20.1990 

7.4169 

1281.8 

130741 

409 

167281 

68417929 

20.2237 

7.4229 

1284.9 

131382 

4IO 

168100 

68921000 

20.2485 

7.4290 

1288.1 

132025 

411 

168921 

69426531 

20.2731 

7-4350 

1291.2 

132670 

412 

169744 

69934528 

20.2978 

7.4410 

1294.3 

I333I7 

413 

170569 

70444997 

20.3224 

7.4470 

1297.5 

133965 

414 

171396 

70957944 

20.3470 

74530 

1300.6 

134614 

415 

172225 

7M73375 

20.3715 

74590 

1303.8 

135265 

416 

173056 

71991296 

20.3961 

7.4650 

1306.9 

I359I8 

417 

173889 

725H7I3 

20.4206 

7.4710 

1310.0 

136572 

418 

174724 

73034632 

20.4450 

7.4770 

I3I3.2 

137228 

419 

I7556I 

73560059 

20.4695 

7.4829 

i3l6«3 

137885 

42O 

176400 

74088000 

20.4939 

7.4889 

13*9-5 

138544 

421 

177241 

74618461 

20.5183 

7.4948 

1322.6 

139205 

422 

178084 

75151448 

20.5426 

7.5007 

1325.8 

139867 

423 

178929 

75686967 

20.5670 

7.5067 

1328.9 

I40531 

424 

179776 

76225024 

20.5913 

7.5126 

1332.0 

141196 

425 

180625 

76765625 

20.6155 

7.5185 

1335.2 

141863 

426 

181476 

77308776 

20.6398 

7.5244 

1338.3 

I4253I 

427 

182329 

77854483 

20.6640 

7.5302 

i34i.5 

143201 

428 

183184 

78402752 

20.6882 

7.5361 

1344.6 

143872 

429 

184041 

78953589 

20.7123 

7.5420 

1347.7 

144545 

43° 

184900 

79507000 

20.7364 

7.5478 

1350.9 

145220 

43i 

185761 

80062991 

20.7605 

7-5537 

1354.0 

145896 

432 

186624 

80621568 

20.7846 

7-5595 

1357.2 

146574 

433 

187489 

81182737 

20.8087 

7.5654 

1360.3 

147254 

434 

188356 

81746504 

20.8327 

7.5712 

1363-5 

147934 

435 

189225 

82312875 

20.8567 

7.5770 

1366.6 

148617 

436 

190096 

82881856 

20.88o6 

7.5828 

1369-7 

149301 

437 

190969 

83453453 

20.9045 

7.5886 

1372.9 

149987 

438 

191844 

84027672 

20.9284 

7-5944 

1376.0 

150674 

439 

192721 

84604519 

20.9523 

7.6001 

1379.2 

i5I363 

440 

193600 

85184000 

20.9762 

7.6059 

1382.3 

152053 

CYANIDE    DATA 


SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  ROOTS,  CUBE  ROOTS,  CIRCUMFERENCES 
AND  CIRCULAR  AREAS  OF  Nos.  FROM  i  TO  520 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Sq.  Root 

Cube  Root 

CIRCLE 

Circum.     Area 

441 

194481 

85766121 

2  1  .OOOO 

7.6117 

13854 

X52745 

442 

I95364 

86350888 

21.0238 

7.6174 

1388.6 

1  5  3439 

443 

196249 

86938307 

21.0476 

7.6232 

I39L7 

I54I34 

444 

197136 

87528384 

21.0713 

7.6289 

1394-9 

^54830 

445 

198025 

88121125 

21.0950 

7.6346 

1398.0 

155528 

446 

198916 

88716536 

21.1187 

7.6403 

1401.2 

156228 

447 

199809 

89314623 

21.1424 

7.6460 

1404.3 

156930 

448 

200704 

89915392 

2  1.  l66o 

7-65I7 

1407.4 

!57633 

449 

201601 

90518849 

21.1896 

7'6574 

1410.6 

158337 

450 

202500 

91125000 

21.2132 

7.6631 

I4I3.7 

159043 

45i 

203401 

9I73385I 

21.2368 

7.6688 

1416.9 

I5975I 

452 

204304 

92345408 

21.2603 

7-6744 

1420.0 

i  60460 

453 

205209 

92959677 

21.2838 

7.6801 

1423.1 

161171 

454 

206116 

93576664 

21.3073 

7.6857 

1426.3 

161883 

455 

207025 

94196375 

21.3307 

7.6914 

1429.4 

162597 

456 

207936 

94818816 

21.3542 

7.6970 

1432.6 

163313 

457 

208849 

95443993 

21.3776 

7.7026 

1435-7 

164030 

458 

209764 

96071912 

2  1  .4009 

7.7082 

1438.9 

164748 

459 

210681 

96702579 

21.4243 

7.7138 

1442.0 

165468 

460 

211  60O 

97336000 

21.4476 

7-7J94 

I445-1 

166190 

461 

2I252I 

97972181 

21.4709 

7.7250 

1448.3 

i  669  i  4 

462 

213444 

98611128 

21.4942 

7.7306 

145  l  -4 

167639 

463 

214369 

99252847 

21.5174 

7.7362 

1454.6 

168365 

464 

215296 

99897344 

21.5407 

7.7418 

1457-7 

169093 

465 

216225 

100544625 

21.5639 

7-7473 

1460.8 

169823 

466 

217156 

101194696 

21.5870 

7-7529 

1464.0 

I70554 

467 

218089 

101847563 

2I.6I02 

7-7584 

1467.1 

171287 

468 

219024 

102503232 

21.6333 

7-7639 

i47°-3 

172021 

469 

219961 

103161709 

21.6564 

7.7695 

1473-4 

172757 

47° 

22O9OO 

103823000 

21.6795 

7-7750 

1476.5 

173494 

47i 

221841 

104487111 

21.7025 

7-78o5 

1479-7 

174234 

472 

222784 

105154048 

21.7256 

7.7860 

1482.8 

174974 

473 

223729 

105823817 

21.7486 

7.7915 

1486.0 

175716 

474 

224676 

106496424 

21.7715 

7.7970 

1489.1 

176460 

475 

225625 

107171875 

21.7945 

7.8025 

1492.3 

177205 

476 

226576 

107850176 

2I.8l74 

7.8079 

1495-4 

177952 

477 

227529 

i°853I333 

21.8403 

7-8i34 

1498.5 

178701 

478 

228484 

109215352 

21.8632 

7.8188 

1501.7 

I7945I 

479 

229441 

109902239 

2I.886I 

7.8243 

1504.8 

180203 

480 

230400 

110592000 

2  1  .9089 

7.8297 

1508.0 

180956 

GENERAL  REFERENCE  TABLES 


SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  ROOTS,  CUBE  ROOTS,  CIRCUMFERENCES 
AND  CIRCULAR  AREAS  OF  Nos.  FROM  i  TO  520 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Sq.  Root 

Cube  Root 

CIRCLE 

Circum. 

Area 

481 

231361 

111284641 

21.9317 

7.8352 

1511.1 

181711 

482 

232324 

111980168 

21-9545 

7.8406 

I5U.3 

182467 

483 

233289 

112678587 

21.9773 

7.8460 

I5I74 

183225 

484 

234256 

H3379904 

22.0000 

7-85I4 

1520.5 

183984 

485 

235225 

114084125 

22.0227  - 

7.8568 

I5237 

184745 

486 

236196 

114791256 

22.0454 

7.8622 

1526.8 

185508 

487 

237169 

H550I303 

22.O68I 

7.8676 

1530.0 

186272 

488 

238144 

116214272 

22.0907 

7.8730 

I533-I 

187038 

489 

239121 

116930169 

22.1133 

7.8784 

1536.2 

187805 

490 

240100 

117649000 

22.1359 

7-8837 

1539-4 

188574 

49  1 

241081 

118370771 

22.1585 

7.8891 

1542.5 

189345 

492 

242064 

119095488 

22.l8ll 

7.8944 

1545-7 

190117 

493 

243049 

119823157 

22.2036 

7.8998 

1548.8 

190890 

494 

244036 

120553784 

22.226l 

7.9051 

I55L9 

191665 

495 

245025 

121287375 

22.2486 

7.9I05 

I555-I 

192442 

496 

246016 

122023936 

22.2711 

7.9I58 

1558.2  • 

I9322I 

497 

247009 

122763473 

22.2935 

7.9211 

1561.4 

194000 

498 

248004 

123505992 

22.3159 

7.9264 

1564.5 

194782 

499 

249001 

124251499 

22.3383 

7.9317 

1567.7 

195565 

500 

250000 

125000000 

22.3607 

7.9370 

1570.8 

196350 

5°i 

251001 

I257S-SOI 

22.3830 

7'9423 

1573-9 

197136 

502 

252004 

126506008 

22.4054 

7.9476 

I577-I 

197923 

5°3 

253009 

127263527 

22.4277 

7.9528 

1580.2 

I987I3 

5°4 

254016 

128024064 

22.4499 

7-958i 

1583.4 

199504 

5°5 

255025 

128787625 

22.4722 

7-9634 

1586.5 

200296 

506 

256036 

129554216 

22.4944 

7.9686 

I589-7 

201090 

507 

257049 

130323843 

22.5167 

7-9739 

1592.8 

201886 

508 

258064 

131096512 

22.5389 

7.9791 

1595.9 

202683 

509 

259081 

131872229 

22.56lO 

7-9843 

I599-I 

203482 

5io 

260100 

132651000 

22.5832 

7.9896 

1602.2 

204282 

5ii 

261121 

133432831 

22.6053 

7.9948 

1605.4 

205084 

512 

262144 

134217728 

22.6274 

8.0000 

1608.5 

205887 

Si3 

263169 

135005697 

22.6495 

8.0052 

1611.6 

206692 

5U 

264196 

135796744 

22.6716 

8.0104 

1614.8 

207499 

5i5 

265225 

136590875 

22.6936 

8.0156 

1617.9 

208307 

5i6 

266256 

137388096 

22.7156 

8.0208 

1621.1 

209117 

5i7 

267289 

138188413 

22.7376 

8.0260 

1624.2 

209928 

5i8 

268324 

138991832 

22.7596 

8.0311 

1627.3 

210741 

5i9 

269361 

139798359 

22.78l6 

8.0363 

1630.5 

2U556 

520 

270400 

i  40608000 

22.8035 

8.0415 

1633.6 

212372 

88 


CYANIDE    DATA 


2    SINE  AND  COSINE  FUNCTIONS. 


Sine. 

Deg. 

0' 

10' 

20' 

30' 

40' 

50' 

60' 

Deg. 

0 

1 

2 
3 

0.00000 
0.01745 
0.03490 
0.05234 

0.00291 
0.02036 
0.03781 
0.05524 

0.00582 
0.02327 
0.04071 
0.05814 

0.00873 
0.02618 
0.04362 
0.06105 

0.01164 
0.02908 
0.04653 
0.06395 

0.01454 
0.03199 
0.04943 
0.06685 

0.01745 
0.03490 
0.05234 
0.06976 

89 

88 
87 
86 

4 
5 
6 

0.06976 
0.08716 
0.10453 

0.07266 
0.09005 
0.10742 

0.07556 
0.09295 
0.11031 

0.07846 
0.09585 
0.11320 

0.08136 
0.09874 
0.11609 

0.08426 
0.10164 
0.11898 

0.08716 
0.10453 
0.12187 

85 
84 
83 

7 
8 
9 

0.12187 
0.13917 
0.15643 

0.12476 
0.14205 
0.15931 

0.12764 
0.14493 
0.16218 

0.13053 
0.14781 
0.16505 

0.13341 
0.15069 
0.16792 

0.13629 
0.15356 
0.17078 

0.13917 
0.15643 
0.17365 

82 
81 
80 

10 
11 
12 
13 

0.17365 
0.19081 
0.20791 
0.22495 

0.17651 
0.19366 
0.21076 
0.22778 

0.17937 
0.19652 
0.21360 
0.23062 

0.18224 
0.19937 
0.21644 
0.23345 

0.18509 
0.20222 
0.21928 
0.23627 

0.18795 
0.20507 
0.22212 
0.23910 

0.19081 
0.20791 
0.22495 
0.24192 

79 

78 
77 
76 

14 
15 
16 

0.24192 
0.25882 
0.27564 

0.24474 
0.26163 
0.27843 

0.24756 
0.26443 
0.28123 

0.25038 
0.26724 
0.28402 

0.25320 
0.27004 
0.28680 

0.25601 
0.27284 
0.28959 

0.25882 
0.27564 
0.29237 

75 
74 
73 

17 
18 
19 

0.29237 
0.30902 
0.32557 

0.29515 
0.31178 
0.32832 

0.29793 
0.31454 
0.33106 

0.30071 
0.31730 
0.33381 

0.30348 
0.32006 
0.33655 

0.30625 
0.32282 
0.33929 

0.30902 
0.32557 
0.34202 

72 
71 
70 

20 
21- 
22 
23 

0.34202 
0.35837 
0.37461 
0.39073 

0.34475 
0.36108 
0.37730 
0.39341 

0.34748 
0.36379 
0.37999 
0.39608 

0.35021 
0.36650 
0.38268 
0.39875 

0.35293 
0.36921 
0.38537 
0.40142 

0.35565 
0.37191 
0.38805 
0.40408 

0.35837 
0.37461 
0.39073 
0.40674 

69 
68 
67 
66 

24 
25 
26 

0.40674 
0.42262 
0.43837 

0.40939 
0.42525 
0.44098 

0.41204 
0.42788 
0.44359 

0.41469 
0.43051 
0.44620 

0.41734 
0.43313 
0.44880 

0.41998 
0.43575 
0.45140 

0.42262 
0.43837 
0.45399 

65 
64 
63 

27 
28 
29 

0.45P99 
0.46947 
0.48481 

0.45658 
0.47204 
0.48735 

0.45917 
0.47460 
0.48989 

0.46175 
0.47716 
0.49242 

0.46433 
0.47971 
0.49495 

0.46690 
0.48226 
0.49748 

0.46947 
0.48481 
0.50000 

62 
61 
60 

30 
31 
32 
33 

0.50000 
0.51504 
0.52992 
0.54464 

0.50252 
0.51753 
0.53238 
0.54708 

0.50503 
0.52002 
0.53484 
0.54951 

0.50754 
0.52250 
0.53730 
0.55194 

0.51004 
0.52498 
0.53975 
0.55436 

0.51254 
0.52745 
0.54220 
0.55678 

0.51504 
0.52992 
0.54464 
0.55919 

59 
58 
57 
56 

34 
35 
36 

0.55919 
0.57358 
0.58779 

0.56160 
0.57596 
0.59014 

0.56401 
0.57833 
0.59248 

0.56641 
0.58070 
0.59482 

0.56880 
0.58307 
0.59716 

0.57119 
0.58543 
0.59949 

0.57358 
0.58779 
0.60182 

55 
54 
53 

37 
38 
39 

0.60182 
0.61566 
0.62932 

0.60414 
0.61795 
0.63158 

0.60645 
0.62024 
0.63383 

0.60876 
0.62251 
0.63608 

0.61107 
0.62479 
0.63832 

0.61337 
0.62706 
0.64056 

0.61566 
0.62932 
0.64279 

52 
51 
50 

40 
41 
42 
43 

0.64279  0.64501 
0.65606!  0.65825 
0.669130.67129 
0.68200  0.68412 

0.64723 
0.66044 
0.67344 
0.68624 

0.64945 
0.66262 
0.67559 
0.68835 

0.65166 
0.66480 
0.67773 
0.69046 

0.65386 
0.66697 
(•.67987 
0.69256 

0.65606 
0.66913 
0.68200 
0.69466 

49 
48 
47 
46 

44 

0.69466 

0.69675 

0.69883 

0.70091 
30' 

0.70298 

0.70505 

0.70711 

45 

60' 

50  ' 

40' 

20' 

10' 

0' 

Cosine. 

SINES    AND    COSINES 


89 


Cosine. 


Deg. 

0' 

10' 

20' 

30' 

40' 

50' 

60' 

Deg. 

0 

1 
2 
3 

l.OOOOC 
0.9998c 
0.9993£ 
0.99862 

>  i.ooeoc 

>  0.99979 
0.9992S 
0.99847 

0.9999* 
0.9997C 
0.99917 
0.99831 

I  0.9999( 
J  0.9996( 
'  0.9990; 
0.99815 

5  0.9999: 
>  0.9995* 
>  0.9989i 
0.9979^ 

J  0.9998S 
SI0.9994C 
\  0.99876 
>  0.9977e 

)  0.9998 
)  ,0.9993 
0.99863 
0.99756 

89 
88 
87 
86 

4 
5 
6 

0.99756 
0.9961S 
0.99452 

0.99736 
0.99594 
0.99421 

0.99714 
0.99567 
0.99390 

0.99692 
0.99540 
0.99357 

0.99668 
0.99511 
0.99324 

\  0.99644 
0.99482 
0.99290 

0.99619 
0.99452 
0.99255 

85 
84 
83 

7 
8 
9 

0.99255 
0.99027 
0.98769 

0.99219 
0.98986 
0.98723 

0.99182 
0.98944 
0.98676 

0.99144 
0.98902 
0.98629 

0.9910C 

0.9885S 
0.98580 

0.99067 
0.98814 
0.98531 

0.99027 
0.98769 
0.98481 

82 
81 
80 

10 
11 
12 
13 

0.98481 
0.98163 
0.97815 
0.97437 

0.98430 
10.98107 
0.97754 
0.97371 

0.98378 
0.98050 
0.97692 
0.97304 

0.98325 
0.97992 
10.97630 
0.97237 

0.98272  0.98218  0.98163 
0.979340.978750.97815 
10.97566  0.97502  0.97437 
0.97169  0.97100  0.97030 

79 

78 
77 
76 

14 
15 
16 

0.97030 
0.96593 
0.96126 

0.96959 
0.96517 
0.96046 

0.96887 
0.96440 
0.95964 

0.96815 
0.96363 
0.95882 

0.96742 
0.96285 
0.95799 

0.96667 
10.96206 
0.95715 

0.96593 
0.96126 
0.95630 

75 
74 
73 

17 
18 
19 

0.95630 
0.95106 
0.94552 

0.95545 
0.95015 
0.94457 

0.95459 
0.94924 
0.94361 

0.95372 
0.94832 
0.94264 

0.95284 
0.94740 
0.94167 

0.95195 
0.94646 
0.94068 

0.95106 
0.94552 
0.93969 

72 
71 
70 

20 
21 
22 
23 

0.93969 
0.93358 
0.92718 
0.92050 

0.93869 
0.93253 
0.92609 
0.91936 

0.93769 
0.93148 
0.92499 
0.91822 

0.93667 
0.93042 
0.92388 
0.91706 

0.93565 
0.92935 
0.92276 
0.91590 

0.93462 
0.92827 
0.92164 
0.91472 

0.93358 
0.92718 
0.92050 
0.91355 

69 
68 
67 
66 

24 
25 
26 

0.91355 
.90631 
.89879 

0.91236 
0.90507 
0.89752 

0.91116 
0.90383 
0.89623 

0.90996 
0.90259 
0.89493 

0.90875 
0.90133 
0.89363 

0.90753 
0.90007 
0.89232 

0.90631 
0.89879 
0.89101 

65 
64 
63 

27 
28 
29 

.89101 
.88295 
.87462 

0.88968 
0.88158 
0.87321 

0.88835 
0.88020 
0.87178 

0.88701 
0.87882 
0.87036 

0.88566 
0.87743 
0.86892 

0.88431 
0.87603 
0.86748 

0.88295 
0.87462 
0.86603 

62 
61 
60 

30 
31 
32 
33 

.86603 
.85717 
.84805 
.83867 

0.86457 
0.85567 
0.84650 
0.83708 

0.86310 
0.85416 
0.84495 
0.83549 

0.86163 
0.85264 
0.84339 
0.83389 

0.86015 
0.85112 
0.84182 
0.83228 

0.85866 
0.84959 
0.84025 
0.83066 

0.85717 
0.84805 
0.83867 
0.82904 

59 

58 
57 
56 

34 
35 
36 

.82904  0.82741 
.81915;0.81748 
.80902  0.80730 

0.82577 
0.81580 
0.80558 

0.82413 
0.81412 
0.80386 

0.82248 
0.81242 
0.80212 

0.82082 
0.81072 
0.80038 

0.81915 
0.80902 
0.79864 

55 
54 
53 

37 
38 
39 

.79864  0.79688 
.78801  0.78622 
.77715  0.77531 

0.79512 
0.78442 
0.77347 

0.79335 
0.78261 
0.77162 

0.79158 
0.78079 
0.76977 

0.78980 
0.77897 
0.76791 

0.78801 
0.77715 
0.76604 

52 
51 
50 

40 
41 
42 
43 

.76604 

.75471  ! 
.74314 
.73135 

0.76417 
0.75280 
0.74120 
0.72937 

0.76229  0.76041 
0.75088  0.74896 
0.73924  !  0.73728 
0.72737  0.72537 

0.75851 
0.74703 
0.73531 
0.72337 

0.75661 
0.74509 
0.73333 
0.72136 

0.75471 
0.74314 
0.73135 
0.71934 

49 

48 
47 
46 

44 

.71934 

0.71732 

0.71529 

0.71325 

0.71121 

0.70916 

0.70711 

45 

60' 

50' 

40' 

30' 

20' 

10' 

0' 

Sine 

9o 


CYANIDE    DATA 


3.  TANGENT  AND   COTANGENT  FUNCTIONS. 


Tangent. 

Deg. 

0' 

10' 

20  ' 

30' 

40' 

50' 

60' 

Deg. 

0 

2 
3 

0.00000 
0.01746 
0.03492 
0.05241 

0.00291 
0.02036 
0.03783 
0.05533 

0.00582 
0.02328 
0.04075 
0.05824 

0.00873 
0.02619 
0.04366 
0.06116 

0.01164 
0.02910 
0.04658 
0.06408 

0.01455 
0.03201 
0.04949 
0.06700 

0.01746 
0.03492 
0.05241 
0.06993 

89 
88 
87 
86 

4 
5 
6 

0.06993 
0.08749 
0.10510 

0.07285 
0.09042 
0.10805 

0.07578 
0.09335 
0.11099 

0.07870 
0.09629 
0.11394 

0.08163 
0.09923 
0.11688 

0.08456 
0.10216 
0.11983 

0.08749 
0.10510 
0.12278 

85 
84 
83 

8 
9 

0.12278 
0.14054 
0.15838 

0.12574 
0.14351 
0.16137 

0.12869 
0.14648 
0.16435 

0.13165 
0.14945 
0.16734 

0.13461 
0.15243 
0.17033 

0.13758 
0.15540 
0.17333 

0.14054 
0.15838 
0.17633 

82 
81 
80 

10 
11 
12 
13 

0.17633 
0.19438 
0.21256 
0.23087 

0.17933 
0.19740 
0.21560 
0.23393 

0.18233 
0.20042 
0.21864 
0.23700 

0.18534 
0.20345 
0.22169 
0.24008 

0.18835 
0.20648 
0.22475 
0.24316 

0.19136 
0.20952 
0.22781 
0.24624 

0.19438 
0.21256 
0.23087 
0.24933 

79 

78 
77 
76 

14 
15 
16 

0.24933 
0.26795 
0.28675 

0.25242 
0.27107 
0.28990 

0.25552 
0.27419 
0.29305 

0.25862 
0.27732 
0.29621 

0.26172 
0.28046 
0.29938 

0.26483 
0.28360 
0.30255 

0.26795 
0.28675 
0.30573 

75 
74 
73 

17 
18 
19 

0.30573 
0.32492 
0.34433 

0.30891 
0.32814 
0.34758 

0.31210 
0.33136 
0.35085 

0.31530 
0.33460 
0.35412 

0.31850 
0.33783 
0.35740 

0.32171 
0.34108 
0.36068 

0.32492 
0.34433 
0.36397 

72 
71 
70 

20 
21 
22 
23 

0.36397 
0.38386 
0.40403 
0.42447 

0.36727 
0.38721 
0.40741 
0.42791 

0.37057 
0.39055 
0.41081 
0.43136 

0.37388 
0.39391 
0.41421 
0.43481 

0.37720 
0.39727 
0.41763 
0.43828 

0.38053 
0.40065 
0.42105 
0.44175 

0.38386 
0.40403 
0.42447 
0.44523 

69 
68 
67 
66 

24 
25 
26 

0.44523 
0.46631 
0.48773 

0.44872 
0.46985 
0.49134 

0.45222 
0.47341 
0.49495 

0.45573 
0.47698 
0.49858 

0.45924 
0.48055 
0.50222 

0.46277 
0.48414 
0.50587 

0.46631 
0.48773 
0.50953 

65 
64 
63 

27 
28 
29 

0.50953 
0.53171 
0.55431 

0.51320 
0.53545 
0.55812 

0.51688 
0.53920 
0.56194 

0.52057 
0.54296 
0.56577 

0.52427 
0.54673 
0.56962 

0.52798 
0.55051 
0.57348 

0.53171 
0.55431 
0.57735 

62 
61 
60 

30 
31 
32 
33 

0.57735 
0.60086 
0.62487 
0.64941 

0.58124 
0.60483 
0.62892 
0.65355 

0.58513 
0.60881 
0.63299 
0.65771 

0.58905 
0.61280 
0.63707 
0.66189 

0.59297 

0.61681 
0.64117 
0.66608 

0.59691 
0.62083 
0.64528 
0.67028 

0.60086 
0.62487 
0.64941 
0.67451 

59 
58 
57 
56 

34 
35 
36 

0.67451 
0.70021 
0.72654 

0.67875 
0.70455 
0.73100 

0.68301 
0.70891 
0.73547 

0.68728 
0.71329 
0.73996 

0.69157 
0.71769 
0.74447 

0.69588 
0.72211 
0.74900 

0.70021 
0.72654 
0.75355 

55 
54 
53 

37 
38 
39 

0.75355 
0.78129 
0.80978 

0.75812 
0.78598 
0.81461 

0.76272 
0.79070 
0.81946 

0.76733 
0.79544 
0.82434 

0.77196 
0.80020 
0.82923 

0.77661 
0.80498 
0.83415 

0.78129 
0.80978 
0.83910 

52 
51 
50 

40 
41 
42 
43 

0.83910 
0.86929 
0.90040 
0.93252 

0.84407 
0.87441 
0.90569 
0.93797 

0.84906 
0.87955 
0.91099 
0.94345 

0.85408 
0.88473 
0.91633 
0.94896 

0.85912 
0.88992 
0.92170 
0.95451 

0.86419 
0.89515 
0.92709 
0.96008 

0.86929 
0.90040 
0.93252 
0.96569 

49 
48 
47 
46 

44 

0.96569 

0.97133 

0.97700 

0.98270 

0.98843 

0.99420 

1  .00000 

45 

60' 

50' 

40' 

30' 

20  ' 

10' 

0' 

Cotangent. 

TANGENTS    AND    COTANGENTS 


Cotangent. 


Deg1   0' 

10' 

20' 

30' 

40' 

50' 

60' 

De 

0 

1 
2 
3 

00 
57.28996 
28.63625 
19.08114 

343.77371 
49.10388 
26.43160 
18.07498 

171.88540 
42.96408 
24.54176 
17.16934 

114.58865 
38.18846 
22.90377 
16.34986 

85.93979 
34.36777 
21.47040 
15.60478 

68.75009 
31.24158 
20.20555 
14.92442 

57.28996 
28.63625 
19.08114 
14.30067 

S< 

8* 
87 
86 

4 
5 
6 

14.30067 
11.43005 
9.51436 

13.72074 
11.05943 
9.25530 

13.19688 
10.71191 
9.00983 

12.70621 
10.38540 
8.77689 

12.25051 
10.07803 
8.55555 

11.82617 
9.78817 
8.34496 

11.43005 
9.51436 
8.14435 

8c 
84 
82 

7 
8 
9 

8.14435 
7.11537 
6.31375 

7.95302 
6.96823 
6.19703 

7.77035 
6.82694 
6.08444 

7.59575 
6.69116 
5.97576 

7.42871 
6.56055 
5.87080 

7.26873 
6.43484 
5.76937 

7.11537 
6.31375 
5.67128 

82 
81 
80 

10 
11 
12 
13 

5.67128 
5.14455 
4.70463 
4.33148 

5.57638 
5.06584 
4.63825 
4.27471 

5.48451 
4.98940 
4.57363 
4.21933 

5.39552 
4.91516 
4.51071 
4.16530 

5.30928 
4.84300 
4.44942 
4.11256 

5.22566 
4.77286 
4.38969 
4.06107 

5.14455 
4.70463 
4.33148 
4.01078 

79 

78 
77 
76 

14 
15 
16 

4.01078 
3.73205 
3.48741 

3.96165 
3.68909 
3.44951 

3.91364 
3.64705 
3.41236 

3.86671 
3.60588 
3.37594 

3.82083 
3.56577 
3.34023 

3.77595 
3.52609 
3.30521 

3.73205 
3.48741 
3.27085 

75 
74 
73 

17 

18 
19 

3.27085 
3.07768 
2.90421 

3.23714 
3.04749 
2.87700 

3.20406 
3.01783 
2.85023 

3.17159 
2.98869 
2.82391 

3.13972 
2.96004 
2.79802 

3.10842 
2.93189 
2.77254 

3.07768 
2.90421 

2.74748 

72 

71 
70 

20 
21 
22 
23 

2.74748 
2.60509 
2.47509 
2.35585 

2.72281 
2.58261 
2.45451 
2.33693 

2.69853 
2.56046 
2.43422 
2.31826 

2.67462 
2.53865 
2.41421 
2.29984 

2.65109 
2.51715 
2.39449 
2.28167 

2.62791 
2.49597 
2.37504 
2.26374 

2.60509 
2.47509 
2.35585 
2.24604 

69 
68 
67 
66 

24 
25 
26 

2.24604 
2.14451 
2.05030 

2.22857 
2.12832 
2.03526 

2.21132 
2.11233 
2.02039 

2.19430 
2.09654 
2.00569 

2.17749 
2.08094 
1.99116 

2.16090 
2.06553 
1.97680 

2.14451 
2.05030 
1.96261 

65 
64 
63 

27 

28 
29 

1.96261 
1.88073 
1.80405 

1.94858 
1.86760 
1.79174 

1.93470 
1.85462 
1.77955 

1.92098 
1.84177 
1.76749 

1.90741 
1.82906 
1.75556 

1.89400 
1.81649 
1.74375 

1.88073 
1.80405 
1.73205 

62 
61 
60 

30 
31 
32 
33 

1.73205 
1.66428 
1.60033 
1.53987 

1.72047 
1.65337 
1.59002 
1.53010 

1.70901 
1.64256 
1.57981 
1.52043 

1.69766 
1.63185 
1.56969 
1.50184 

1.68643 
1.62125 
1.55966 
1.50133 

1.67530 
1.61074 
1.54972 
1.49190 

1.66428 
1.60033 
1.53987 
1.48256 

59 

58 
57 
56 

34 
35 
36 

1.48256 
1.42815 
1.37638 

1.47330 
1.41934 
1.36800 

1.46411 
1.41061 
1.35968 

1.45501 
1.40195 
1.35142 

1.44598 
1.39336 
1.34323 

1.43703 
1.38484 
1.33511 

1.42815 
1.37638 
1.32704 

55 
54 
53 

37 

38 
39 

1.32704 
1.27994 
1.23490 

1.31904 
1.27230 
1.22758 

1.31110 
1.26471 
1.22031 

1.30323 

1.25717 
1.21310 

1.29541 
1.24969 
1.20593 

1.28764 
1.24227 
1.19882 

1.27994 
1.23490 
1.19175 

52 
51 
50 

40 
41 
42 
43 

1.19175 
1.15037 
1.11061 
1.07237 

1.18474 
1.14363 
1.10414 
1.06613 

1.17777 
1.13694 
1.09770 
1.05994 

1.17085 
1.13029 
1.09131 
1.05378 

1.163Q8 
1.12369 
1.08496 
1.04766 

1.15715 
1.11713 
1.07864 
1.04158 

1.15037 
1.11061 
1.07237 
1.03553 

49 

48 
47 
46 

44 

1.03553 

1.02952 

1.02355 

1.01761 

1.01170 

1.00583 

1.00000 

45 

60' 

50' 

40' 

30' 

20' 

10' 

0' 

Tangent. 

CYANIDE    DATA 
4.  Common  Logarithms. 


N 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 
11 
12 

00,000 
04,139 
07,918 

00,432 
04,532 
08,279 

00860 
04,922 
08,636 

01,284 
05,308 
08,991 

01,703 
05,690 
09,342 

02,119 
06,070 
09,691 

02,531 
06,446 
10,037 

02,938 
06,819 
10,380 

03,342 
07,188 
10,721 

03,743 
07,555 
11,059 

13 
14 
15 

11,394 
14,613 
17,609 

11,727 
14,922 

17,897 

12,057 
15,229 
18,184 

12,385 
15,534 
18,469 

12,710 
15,836 
18,752 

13,033 
16,137 
19,033 

13,354 
16,435 
19,312 

13,672 
16,732 
19,590 

13,988 
17,026 
19,866 

14,301 
17,319 
20,140 

16 
17 

18 

20,412 
23,045 
25,527 

20,683 
23,300 
25,768 

20,952 
23,553 
26,007 

21,219 
23,805 
26,245 

21,484 
24,055 
26,482 

21,748 
24,304 
26,717 

22,011 
24,551 
26,951 

22,272 
24,797 
27,184 

22,521 
25,042 
27,416 

22,789 
25,285 
27,646 

19 

20 
21 

27,875 
30,103 
32,222 

28,103 
30,320 
32,428 

28,330 
30,535 
32,634 

28,556 
30,750 
32,838 

28,780 
30,963 
33,041 

29,003 
31,175 
33,244 

29,226 
31,387 
33,445 

29,447 
31,597 
33,646 

29,667 
31,806 
33,846 

29,885 
32,015 
34,044 

22 
23 

24 

34,242 
36,173 
38,021 

34,439 
36,361 
38,202 

34,635 
36,549 
38,382 

34,830 
36,736 
38,561 

35,025 
36,922 
38,739 

35,218 
37,107 
38,917 

35,411 
37,291 
39,094 

35.603 
37,475 
39,270 

35,793 
37,658 
39,445 

35,984 
37,840 
39,620 

25 
26 

27 

39,794 
41,497 
43,136 

39,967 
41,664 
43,297 

40,140 
41,830 
43,457 

40,312 
41,996 
43,616 

40,483 
42,160 
43,775 

40,654 
42,325 
43,933 

40,824 

42,488 
44,091 

40,993 
42,651 
44,248 

41,162 
42,813 
44,404 

41,330 
42,975 
44,560 

28 
29 
30 

44,716 
46,240 
47,712 

44,871 
46,389 

47,857 

45,025 
46,538 
48,001 

45,179 
46,687 
48,144 

45,332 

46,835 
48,287 

45,484 
46,982 
48,430 

45,637 

47,129 
48,572 

45,788 
47,276 
48,714 

45,939 
47,422 
48,855 

46,090 
47,567 
48,996 

31 
32 
33 

49,136 
50,515 
51,851 

49276 
50,651 
51,983 

49,415 
50,786 
52,114 

49,554 
50,920 
52,244 

49,693 
51,055 
42,375 

49,831 
51,188 
52,504 

49,969 
51,322 
52,634 

50,106 
51,455 
52,763 

50,243 
51,587 
52,892 

50,379 
51,720 
53,020 

34 
35 
36 

53,148 
54,407 
55,630 

53,275 
54,531 
55,751 

53,403 
54,654 
55,871 

53,529 
54,777 
55,991 

53656 
54,900 
56,110 

53782 
55,023 
56,229 

53,908 
55,145 
56,348 

54,033 
55,267 
56,467 

54,158 
55,388 
56,585 

54,283 
55,509 
56,703 

37 
38 
39 

56,820 
57,978 
59,106 

56,937 
58,092 
59,218 

57,054 
58,206 
59,329 

57,171 
58,320 
59,439 

57,287 
58,433 
59,550 

57,403 
58,546 
59,660 

57,519 
58,659 
59,770 

57,634 
58,771 
59,879 

57,749 
58,883 
59,988 

57,864 
58,995 
60,097 

40 
41 
42 

60,206 
61,278 
62325 

60,314 
61,384 
62,428 

60.423 
61,490 
62,531 

60,531 
61,595 
62,634 

60,638 
61,700 
62,737 

60,746 
61.805 
62,839 

60,853 
61,909 
62,941 

60,959 
62,014 
63,043 

61,066 
62,118 
63,144 

81,172 
62,221 
63,246 

43 
44 
45 

63,347 
64,345 
65,321 

63,448 
64,444 
65418 

63,548 
64,542 
65,514 

63,649 
64,640 
65,610 

63,749 
64,738 
65,706 

63,849 
64,836 
65,801 

63,949 
64,933 
65,896 

64,048 
65,031 
65,992 

64,147 
65,128 
66,087 

64,246 
65,225 
66,181 

46 
47 
48 

66,276 
67210 
68,124 

66,370 
67,302 
68,215 

66,464 
67,394 
68,305 

66,558 
67,486 
68,395 

66,652 
67.578 
68,485 

66,745 
67,669 
68,574 

66,839 
67,761 
68,664 

66,932 

67,852 
68,753 

67,025 
67,943 
68,842 

67,117 
68,034 
68,931 

49 
50 
51 

69,020 
69,897 
70,757 

69,108 
69,984 
70,842 

69,197 
70,070 
70,927 

69,285 
70,157 
71,012 

69,373 
70,243 
71,096 

69,461 
70,329 
71,181 

69,548 
70,415 
71,265 

69,636 
70,501 
71,349 

69,723 
70,586 
71,433 

69,810 
70,672 
71,517 

52 
53 
54 

71,600 
72.428 
73,239 

71,684 
72,509 
73,320 

71,767 
72,591 
73,400 

71,850 
72,673 
73,480 

71,933 
72,754 
73,560 

72,016 
72,835 
73,640 

72,099 
72,916 
73,719 

72,181 
72.997 
73,799 

72,263 

73,078 
73.878 

72,346 
73,159 
73,957 

COMMON    LOGARITHMS  93 

4.     Common    Logarithms. — (Concluded). 


N 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

55 

74036 

74,115 

74,194 

74,273 

74.351 

74,429 

74,507 

74,586 

74,663 

74:741 

56 

74,819 

74,89674,974175,051 

75,128 

75,205 

75,282175,358 

75,435 

75,511 

57 

75,587 

75,664 

75,740 

75,815 

75,891 

75,967 

76,042 

76,118 

76,193 

76,268 

58 
59 
60 

76,343 

77,085 
77,815 

76,418  76,492 
77,15977,232 
77,887  77,960 

76,567 
77,305 
78,032 

76,641 
77,379 
78,104 

76,716 
77,452 
78,176 

76,790 
77,525 
78,247 

76,864 
77,597 
78,319 

76,938 
77,670 
78,390 

77,012 
77,743 
78,462 

61 

78,533 

78,604 

78,675 

78,746 

78,817 

78,888 

78,958 

79,029 

79,099 

79,169 

62 

79,239 

79,309  79,379 

79,449 

79,518 

79,588  79,657 

79,727 

79,796  79,865 

63 

79,934 

80,003 

80,072 

80,140 

80,209 

80,277 

80,346 

80,414 

80,482 

80,550 

64 

80,618 

80,686 

80,754 

80,821 

80,889 

80,956 

81,023 

81,090 

81,158 

81,224 

65 

81,291 

81,35881,425 

81,491 

81,558 

81,624181,69081,757 

81,823 

81,889 

66 

81,954 

82,020 

82,086 

82,151 

82,217 

82,282 

82,347 

82,413 

82,478 

82,543 

67 

82,607 

82,672 

82,737 

82802 

82,866 

82,930 

82,995 

83,059 

83,123 

83,187 

68 

83,251 

83,31583,378 

83,442 

83,506 

83,569 

83,632 

83,696 

83,759 

83,822 

69 

83,885 

83,948 

84,011 

84,073 

84,136 

84,198 

84,261 

84,323 

84,386 

84,448 

70 

84,510 

84.572 

84,634 

84,696 

84,757 

84,819 

84,880 

84,942 

85,003 

85,065 

71 

85,126 

85,187  85,248  85,309 

85,370 

85,431 

85,491 

85,552 

85.612 

85,673 

72 

85,733 

85,794 

85,854 

85,914 

85,974 

86,034 

86,094 

86,153 

86,213 

86,273 

73 

86,332 

86,392 

86,451 

86,510 

86,570 

86,629 

86,688 

86,747 

86,806 

86,864 

74 

86,923 

86,982  87,040 

87,099 

87,157 

87,216 

87,274 

87,332 

87,390 

87,448 

75 

87,506 

87,564 

87,622 

87,679 

87,737 

87,795 

87,852 

87,910 

87,967 

88,024 

76 

88,081 

88,138 

88,195 

88,252 

88,309 

88,366 

88,423 

88,480 

88,536 

88,593 

77 

88,649 

88,70588,762 

88,818 

88,874 

88,930 

88,986 

89,042 

89,098 

89,154 

78 

89,209 

89,265 

89,321 

89,376 

89,432 

89,487 

89,542 

89,597 

89,653 

89,708 

79 

89,763 

89,818 

89,873 

89,927 

89,982 

90,037 

90,091 

90,146 

90,200 

90,255 

80 

90,309 

90,363  90,417 

90,472 

90,526 

90,580 

90,634 

90,687 

90,741 

90,795 

81 

90,849 

90,902 

90,956 

91,009 

91,062 

91,116 

91,169 

91,222 

91,275 

91,328 

82 

91,381 

91,434 

91,487 

91,540 

91.593 

91,645 

91,698 

91,751 

91,803 

91,855 

83 

91,90891,960:92,012 

92,065 

92,117 

92,169 

92,221 

92,273 

92,324 

92,376 

84 

92,428 

92,480 

92,531 

92,583 

92,634 

92,686 

92,737 

92,788 

92,840 

92,891 

85 

92,942 

92,993 

93,044 

93,095 

93,146 

93,197 

93,247 

93,298 

93,349 

93,399 

86 

93,450  ^3,500  93,551 

93,601 

93,651 

93,702 

93.752 

93,802 

93,852 

93,902 

87 

93,952 

94,002 

94,052 

94,101 

94,151 

94,201 

94,250 

94,300 

94,349 

94,399 

88 

94,448 

94,498 

94,547 

94,596 

94,645 

94,694 

94,743 

94,792 

94,841 

94,890 

89 

94,93994,988 

95,036 

95,085  95,134 

95,182 

95,231 

95,279 

95,328 

95,376 

90 

95,424 

95,472 

95,521 

95,569 

95,617 

95,665 

95,713 

95,761 

95,809 

95,856 

91 

95,904 

95,952 

95,999 

96,047 

96,095 

96,142 

96,190 

96,237 

96,284 

96,332 

92 

96,379  96,426  96,473 

96,520 

96,567 

96,614 

96,661 

96,708 

96,775 

96,802 

93 

96,848 

96,895 

96,942 

96,988 

97,035 

97,081 

97,128 

97,174 

97,220 

97,267 

94 

97,313 

97,356 

97,405 

97,451 

97,497 

97,543 

97,589 

97,635 

97,681 

97,727 

95 

97,772  97,818  97,864 

97,909197,955 

98,000 

98.046 

98,091 

98,137 

98,182 

96 

98,227 

98,272 

98,318 

98,363 

98,408 

98,453 

98,498 

98,543 

98,588 

98,632 

97 

98 

98,677 
99,123 

98.722 
99,167 

98,767 
99,211 

98,811 
99,25£ 

98,856 
99,300 

98,900 
99,344 

98,945 
i  99,388 

98,989 
99,432 

99,034 
99,476 

99,078 
99,520 

99 

99  564  99.607 

99,651 

99,69£ 

99,739 

99,782 

99,82690,870 

99.913 

99,957 

f  ~or~HE~  T 

II  UNIVERSITY  I) 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 
BERKELEY 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
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".  EM. 

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FEB  2  T925 


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YA  02229 


212355 


r 


02229 


